historical lectures and essays(臥櫛帽署帽旋煽雰讐恙)-及21何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
not bear the marks of the wounds�拭─ �What he replied Don Carlos did not
recollect�察�save that he consoled him�察�and told him that he should not die of
that malady。
Philip had returned to Madrid�察�and shut himself up in grief in the great
Jeronymite monastery。 Elizabeth was praying for her step´son before the
miraculous images of the same city。 During the night of the 9th of May
prayers went up for Don Carlos in all the churches of Toledo�察�Alcala�察�and
Madrid。 Alva stood all that night at the bed's foot。 Don Garcia de
Toledo sat in the arm´chair�察�where he had now sat night and day for more
than a fortnight。 The good preceptor�察�Honorato Juan�察�afterwards Bishop
of Osma�察 �wrestled in prayer for the lad the whole night through。 His
prayer was answered�此 �probably it had been answered already�察�without
his being aware of it。 Be that as it may�察�about dawn Don Carlos's heavy
breathing ceased�察 �he fell into a quiet sleep�察 �and when he awoke all
perceived at once that he was saved。
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He did not recover his sight�察�seemingly on account of the erysipelas�察�
for a week more。 He then opened his eyes upon the miraculous image of
Atocha�察�and vowed that�察�if he recovered�察�he would give to the Virgin�察�at
four different shrines in Spain�察 �gold plate of four times his weight�察 �and
silver plate of seven times his weight�察�when he should rise from his couch。
So on the 6th of June he rose�察�and was weighed in a fur coat and a robe of
damask�察 �and his weight was three arrobas and one poundseventy´six
pounds in all。 On the 14th of June he went to visit his father at the
episcopal palace�察 �then to all the churches and shrines in Alcala�察 �and of
course to that of Fray Diego�察 �whose body it is said he contemplated for
some time with edifying devotion。 The next year saw Fray Diego
canonised as a saint�察�at the intercession of Philip and his son�察�and thus Don
Carlos re´entered the world�察�to be a terror and a torment to all around him�察�
and to dienot by Philip's cruelty�察 �as his enemies reported too hastily
indeed�察�yet excusably�察�for they knew him to be capable of any wickedness´
´but simply of constitutional insanity。
And now let us go back to the history of ;that most learned�察�famous�察�
and rare Baron Vesalius�察─�who had stood by and seen all these things done�察�
and try if we cannot�察 �after we have learned the history of his early life�察�
guess at some of his probable meditations on this celebrated clinical case�察�
and guess also how those meditations may have affected seriously the
events of his afterlife。
Vesalius ��as I said�� was a Netherlander�察 �born at Brussels in 1513 or
1514。 His father and grandfather had been medical men of the highest
standing in a profession which then�察 �as now�察 �was monly hereditary。
His real name was Wittag�察�an ancient family of Wesel�察�on the Rhine�察�from
which town either he or his father adopted the name of Vesalius�察�according
to the classicising fashion of those days。 Young Vesalius was sent to
college at Louvain�察�where he learned rapidly。 At sixteen or seventeen he
knew not only Latin�察�but Greek enough to correct the proofs of Galen�察�and
Arabic enough to bee acquainted with the works of the Mussulman
physicians。 He was a physicist too�察 �and a mathematician�察 �according to
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the knowledge of those times�察�but his passionthe study to which he was
destined to devote his lifewas anatomy。
Little or nothing ��it must be understood�� had been done in anatomy
since the days of Galen of Pergamos�察�in the second century after Christ�察�
and very little even by him。 Dissection was all but forbidden among the
ancients。 The Egyptians�察�Herodotus tells us�察�used to pursue with stones
and curses the embalmers as soon as they had performed their unpleasant
office�察�and though Herophilus and Erasistratus are said to have dissected
many subjects under the protection of Ptolemy Soter in Alexandria itself�此�
yet the public feeling of the Greeks as well as of the Romans continued the
same as that of the ancient Egyptians�察 �and Galen was fainas Vesalius
provedto supplement his ignorance of the human frame by describing
that of an ape。 Dissection was equally forbidden among the Mussulmans�察�
and the great Arabic physicians could do no more than ment on Galen。
The same prejudice extended through the Middle Age。 Medical men
were all clerks�察�CLERICI�察�and as such forbidden to shed blood。 The only
dissection�察�as far as I am aware�察�made during the Middle Age was one by
Mundinus in 1306�察 �and his subsequent mentaries on Galenfor he
dare allow his own eyes to see no more than Galen had seen before him
constituted the best anatomical manual in Europe till the middle of the
fifteenth century。
Then�察 �in Italy at least�察 �the classic Renaissance gave fresh life to
anatomy as to all other sciences。 Especially did the improvements in
painting and sculpture stir men up to a closer study of the human frame。
Leonardo da Vinci wrote a treatise on muscular anatomy。 The artist and
the sculptor often worked together�察 �and realised that sketch of Michael
Angelo's in which he himself is assisting Fallopius�察 �Vesalius's famous
pupil�察�to dissect。 Vesalius soon found that his thirst for facts could not be
slaked by the theories of the Middle Age�察 �so in 1530 he went off to
Montpellier�察 �where Francis I。 had just founded a medical school�察 �and
where the ancient laws of the city allowed the faculty each year the body
of a criminal。 From thence�察 �after being the fellow´pupil and the
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friend of Rondelet�察 �and probably also of Rabelais and those other
luminaries of Montpellier�察�of whom I spoke in my essay on Rondelet�察�he
returned to Paris to study under old Sylvius�察�whose real name was Jacques
Dubois�察�alias Jock o' the Wood�察�and to learn lessas he plains himself´
´in an anatomical theatre than a butcher might learn in his shop。
Were it not that the whole question of dissection is one over which it is
right to draw a reverent veil�察 �as a thing painful�察 �however necessary and
however innocent�察 �it would be easy to raise ghastly laughter in many a
reader by the stories which Vesalius himself tells of his struggles to learn
anatomy。 How old Sylvius tried to demonstrate the human frame from a
bit of a dog�察 �fumbling in vain for muscles which he could not find�察 �or
which ought to have been there�察�according to Galen�察�and were not�察�while
young Vesalius�察�as soon as the old pedant's back was turned�察�took his place�察�
and�察�to the delight of the students�察�found for himprovided it were there
what he could not find himself��how he went body´snatching and gibbet´
robbing�察 �often at the danger of his life�察 �as when he and his friend were
nearly torn to pieces by the cannibal dogs who haunted the Butte de
Montfaucon�察 �or place of public execution��how he acquired�察 �by a long
and dangerous process�察�the only perfect skeleton then in the world�察�and the
hideous story of the robber to whom it had belongedall these horrors
those who list may read for themselves elsewhere。 I hasten past them
with this remarkthat to have gone through the toils�察�dangers�察�and disgusts
which Vesalius faced�察�argued in a superstitious and cruel age like his�察�no
mon physical and moral courage�察�and a deep conscience that he was
doing right�察�and must do it at all risks in the face of a generation which�察�
peculiarly reckless of human life and human agony�察 �allowed that frame
which it called the image of God to be tortured�察 �maimed�察 �desecrated in
every way while alive�察 �and yetstraining at the gnat after having
swallowed the camelforbade it to be examined when dead�察�though for the
purpose of alleviating the miseries of mankind。
The breaking out of war between Francis I。 and Charles V。 drove
Vesalius back to his native country and Louvain�察�and in 1535 we hear of
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him as a surgeon in Charles V。's army。 He saw�察 �most probably�察 �the
Emperor's invasion of Provence�察 �and the disastrous retreat from before
Montmorency's fortified camp at Avignon�察�through a country in which that
crafty general had destroyed every article of human food�察�except the half´
ripe grapes。 He saw�察�perhaps�察�the Spanish soldiers�察�poisoned alike by the
sour