the+critique+of+pure+reason_歓癌尖來答登-及21何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
meaning of the term。
Pure synthesis�察�represented generally�察�gives us the pure
conception of the understanding。 But by this pure synthesis�察�I mean
that which rests upon a basis of a priori synthetical unity。 Thus�察�our
numeration ��and this is more observable in large numbers�� is a
synthesis according to conceptions�察�because it takes place according
to a mon basis of unity ��for example�察�the decade��。 By means of this
conception�察�therefore�察�the unity in the synthesis of the manifold
bees necessary。
By means of analysis different representations are brought under one
conception´ an operation of which general logic treats。 On the other
hand�察�the duty of transcendental logic is to reduce to conceptions��
not representations�察�but the pure synthesis of representations。 The
first thing which must be given to us for the sake of the a priori
cognition of all objects�察�is the diversity of the pure intuition��
the synthesis of this diversity by means of the imagination is the
second�察�but this gives�察�as yet�察�no cognition。 The conceptions which
give unity to this pure synthesis�察�and which consist solely in the
representation of this necessary synthetical unity�察�furnish the
third requisite for the cognition of an object�察�and these
conceptions are given by the understanding。
The same function which gives unity to the different
representation in a judgement�察�gives also unity to the mere
synthesis of different representations in an intuition�察�and this unity
we call the pure conception of the understanding。 Thus�察�the same
understanding�察�and by the same operations�察�whereby in conceptions��
by means of analytical unity�察�it produced the logical form of a
judgement�察�introduces�察�by means of the synthetical unity of the
manifold in intuition�察�a transcendental content into its
representations�察�on which account they are called pure conceptions
of the understanding�察�and they apply a priori to objects�察�a result not
within the power of general logic。
In this manner�察�there arise exactly so many pure conceptions of
the understanding�察�applying a priori to objects of intuition in
general�察�as there are logical functions in all possible judgements。
For there is no other function or faculty existing in the
understanding besides those enumerated in that table。 These
conceptions we shall�察�with Aristotle�察�call categories�察�our purpose
being originally identical with his�察�notwithstanding the great
difference in the execution。
TABLE OF THE CATEGORIES
1 2
Of Quantity Of Quality
Unity Reality
Plurality Negation
Totality Limitation
3
Of Relation
Of Inherence and Subsistence ��substantia et accidens��
Of Causality and Dependence ��cause and effect��
Of munity ��reciprocity between the agent and patient��
4
Of Modality
Possibility ´ Impossibility
Existence ´ Non´existence
Necessity ´ Contingence
This�察�then�察�is a catalogue of all the originally pure conceptions of
the synthesis which the understanding contains a priori�察�and these
conceptions alone entitle it to be called a pure understanding��
inasmuch as only by them it can render the manifold of intuition
conceivable�察�in other words�察�think an object of intuition。 This
division is made systematically from a mon principle�察�namely the
faculty of judgement ��which is just the same as the power of thought����
and has not arisen rhapsodically from a search at haphazard after pure
conceptions�察�respecting the full number of which we never could be
certain�察�inasmuch as we employ induction alone in our search��
without considering that in this way we can never understand wherefore
precisely these conceptions�察�and none others�察�abide in the pure
understanding。 It was a design worthy of an acute thinker like
Aristotle�察�to search for these fundamental conceptions。 Destitute��
however�察�of any guiding principle�察�he picked them up just as they
occurred to him�察�and at first hunted out ten�察�which he called
categories ��predicaments��。 Afterwards be believed that he had
discovered five others�察�which were added under the name of post
predicaments。 But his catalogue still remained defective。 Besides��
there are to be found among them some of the modes of pure sensibility
��quando�察�ubi�察�situs�察�also prius�察�simul���察�and likewise an empirical
conception ��motus��´ which can by no means belong to this
genealogical register of the pure understanding。 Moreover�察�there are
deduced conceptions ��actio�察�passio�� enumerated among the original
conceptions�察�and�察�of the latter�察�some are entirely wanting。
With regard to these�察�it is to be remarked�察�that the categories��
as the true primitive conceptions of the pure understanding�察�have also
their pure deduced conceptions�察�which�察�in a plete system of
transcendental philosophy�察�must by no means be passed over�察�though
in a merely critical essay we must be contented with the simple
mention of the fact。
Let it be allowed me to call these pure�察�but deduced conceptions
of the understanding�察�the predicables of the pure understanding�察�in
contradistinction to predicaments。 If we are in possession of the
original and primitive�察�the deduced and subsidiary conceptions can
easily be added�察�and the genealogical tree of the understanding
pletely delineated。 As my present aim is not to set forth a
plete system�察�but merely the principles of one�察�I reserve this task
for another time。 It may be easily executed by any one who will
refer to the ontological manuals�察�and subordinate to the category of
causality�察�for example�察�the predicables of force�察�action�察�passion��
to that of munity�察�those of presence and resistance�察�to the
categories of modality�察�those of origination�察�extinction�察�change��
and so with the rest。 The categories bined with the modes of pure
sensibility�察�or with one another�察�afford a great number of deduced a
priori conceptions�察�a plete enumeration of which would be a
useful and not unpleasant�察�but in this place a perfectly
dispensable�察�occupation。
I purposely omit the definitions of the categories in this treatise。
I shall analyse these conceptions only so far as is necessary for
the doctrine of method�察�which is to form a part of this critique。 In a
system of pure reason�察�definitions of them would be with justice
demanded of me�察�but to give them here would only bide from our view
the main aim of our investigation�察�at the same time raising doubts and
objections�察�the consideration of which�察�without injustice to our
main purpose�察�may be very well postponed till another opportunity。
Meanwhile�察�it ought to be sufficiently clear�察�from the little we
have already said on this subject�察�that the formation of a plete
vocabulary of pure conceptions�察�acpanied by all the requisite
explanations�察�is not only a possible�察�but an easy undertaking。 The
partments already exist�察�it is only necessary to fill them up��
and a systematic topic like the present�察�indicates with perfect
precision the proper place to which each conception belongs�察�while
it readily points out any that have not yet been filled up。
SS 7
Our table of the categories suggests considerations of some
importance�察�which may perhaps have significant results in regard to
the scientific form of all rational cognitions。 For�察�that this table
is useful in the theoretical part of philosophy�察�nay�察�indispensable
for the sketching of the plete plan of a science�察�so far as that
science rests upon conceptions a priori�察�and for dividing it
mathematically�察�according to fixed principles�察�is most manifest from
the fact that it contains all the elementary conceptions of the
understanding�察�nay�察�even the form of a system of these in the
understanding itself�察�and consequently indicates all the momenta��
and also the internal arrangement of a projected speculative
science�察�as I have elsewhere shown。* Here follow some of these
observations。
*In the Metaphysical Principles of Natural Science。
I。 This table�察�which contains four classes of conceptions of the
understanding�察�may�察�in the first instance�察�be divided into two
classes�察�the first of which relates to objects of intuition´ pure as
well as empirical�察�the second�察�to the existence of these objects��
either in relation to one another�察�or to the understanding。
The former of these classes of categories I would entitle the
mathematical�察�and the latter the dynamical categories。 The former��
as we see�察�has no correlates�察�these are only to be found in the second
class。 This difference must have a ground in the nature of the human
understanding。
II。 The number of the categories in each class is always the same��
namely�察�three´ a fact which also demands some consideration�察�because
in all other cases division a priori through conceptions is
necessarily dichotomy。 It is to be added�察�that the third category in
each triad always arises from the bination of the second with the
first。
Thus totality is nothing else but plurality contemplated as unity��
limitation is merely reality conjoined with negation�察�munity is the
causality of a substance�察�reciprocally determining�察�and determined
by other substances�察�and finally�察�necessity is nothing but
existence�察�which is given through the possibility itself。 Let it not
be supposed�察�however�察�that the third category is merely a deduced�察�and
not a primitive conception of the pure understanding。 For the
conjunction of the first and second�察�in order to produce the third
conception�察�requires a particular function of the understanding�察�which
is by no means identical with those which are exercised in the first
and second。 Thus�察�the conception of a number ��which belongs to the
category of totality�� is not always possible�察�where the conceptions of
multitude and unity exist ��for example�察�in the representation of the
infinite��。 Or�察�if I conjoin the conception of a cause with that of a
substance�察�it does not follow that the conception of influence�察�that
is�察�how one substance can be the cause of something in anothe