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Changes in estate also issue from this�察 �for if�察 �to one who governs
himself with caution and patience�察 �times and affairs converge in such a
way that his administration is successful�察�his fortune is made�察�but if times
and affairs change�察�he is ruined if he does not change his course of action。
But a man is not often found sufficiently circumspect to know how to
accommodate himself to the change�察�both because he cannot deviate from
what nature inclines him to do�察�and also because�察�having always prospered
by acting in one way�察�he cannot be persuaded that it is well to leave it�察�and�察�
therefore�察�the cautious man�察�when it is time to turn adventurous�察�does not
know how to do it�察 �hence he is ruined�察�but had he changed his conduct
with the times fortune would not have changed。
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Pope Julius the Second went to work impetuously in all his affairs�察�and
found the times and circumstances conform so well to that line of action
that he always met with success。 Consider his first enterprise against
Bologna�察�Messer Giovanni Bentivogli being still alive。 The Venetians were
not agreeable to it�察�nor was the King of Spain�察�and he had the enterprise
still under discussion with the King of France�察�nevertheless he personally
entered upon the expedition with his accustomed boldness and energy�察�a
move which made Spain and the Venetians stand irresolute and passive�察�
the latter from fear�察 �the former from desire to recover the kingdom of
Naples�察�on the other hand�察�he drew after him the King of France�察�because
that king�察�having observed the movement�察�and desiring to make the Pope
his friend so as to humble the Venetians�察�found it impossible to refuse him。
Therefore Julius with his impetuous action accomplished what no other
pontiff with simple human wisdom could have done�察�for if he had waited
in Rome until he could get away�察�with his plans arranged and everything
fixed�察 �as any other pontiff would have done�察 �he would never have
succeeded。 Because the King of France would have made a thousand
excuses�察�and the others would have raised a thousand fears。
I will leave his other actions alone�察�as they were all alike�察�and they all
succeeded�察 �for the shortness of his life did not let him experience the
contrary�察 �but if circumstances had arisen which required him to go
cautiously�察 �his ruin would have followed�察 �because he would never have
deviated from those ways to which nature inclined him。
I conclude�察 �therefore that�察 �fortune being changeful and mankind
steadfast in their ways�察 �so long as the two are in agreement men are
successful�察�but unsuccessful when they fall out。 For my part I consider that
it is better to be adventurous than cautious�察�because fortune is a woman�察�
and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill´use her�察�
and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous
rather than by those who go to work more coldly。 She is�察�therefore�察�always�察�
woman´like�察�a lover of young men�察�because they are less cautious�察�more
violent�察�and with more audacity command her。
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CHAPTER XXVI
AN EXHORTATION TO LIBERATE ITALY FROM THE
BARBARIANS
Having carefully considered the subject of the above discourses�察�and
wondering within myself whether the present times were propitious to a
new prince�察 �and whether there were elements that would give an
opportunity to a wise and virtuous one to introduce a new order of things
which would do honour to him and good to the people of this country�察�it
appears to me that so many things concur to favour a new prince that I
never knew a time more fit than the present。
And if�察�as I said�察�it was necessary that the people of Israel should be
captive so as to make manifest the ability of Moses�察 �that the Persians
should be oppressed by the Medes so as to discover the greatness of the
soul of Cyrus�察�and that the Athenians should be dispersed to illustrate the
capabilities of Theseus�此�then at the present time�察�in order to discover the
virtue of an Italian spirit�察�it was necessary that Italy should be reduced to
the extremity that she is now in�察�that she should be more enslaved than the
Hebrews�察 �more oppressed than the Persians�察 �more scattered than the
Athenians�察�without head�察�without order�察�beaten�察�despoiled�察�torn�察�overrun�察�
and to have endured every kind of desolation。
Although lately some spark may have been shown by one�察�which made
us think he was ordained by God for our redemption�察�nevertheless it was
afterwards seen�察�in the height of his career�察�that fortune rejected him�察�so
that Italy�察�left as without life�察�waits for him who shall yet heal her wounds
and put an end to the ravaging and plundering of Lombardy�察 �to the
swindling and taxing of the kingdom and of Tuscany�察 �and cleanse those
sores that for long have festered。 It is seen how she entreats God to send
someone who shall deliver her from these wrongs and barbarous
insolencies。 It is seen also that she is ready and willing to follow a banner
if only someone will raise it。
Nor is there to be seen at present one in whom she can place more
hope than in your illustrious house�撮�*�А �with its valour and fortune�察�
favoured by God and by the Church of which it is now the chief�察 �and
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which could be made the head of this redemption。 This will not be difficult
if you will recall to yourself the actions and lives of the men I have named。
And although they were great and wonderful men�察�yet they were men�察�and
each one of them had no more opportunity than the present offers�察�for their
enterprises were neither more just nor easier than this�察�nor was God more
their friend than He is yours。
��*�А�Giuliano de Medici。 He had just been created a cardinal by Leo X。
In 1523 Giuliano was elected Pope�察�and took the title of Clement VII。
With us there is great justice�察 �because that war is just which is
necessary�察�and arms are hallowed when there is no other hope but in them。
Here there is the greatest willingness�察�and where the willingness is great
the difficulties cannot be great if you will only follow those men to whom
I have directed your attention。 Further than this�察�how extraordinarily the
ways of God have been manifested beyond example�此�the sea is divided�察�a
cloud has led the way�察�the rock has poured forth water�察�it has rained manna�察�
everything has contributed to your greatness�察�you ought to do the rest。 God
is not willing to do everything�察�and thus take away our free will and that
share of glory which belongs to us。
And it is not to be wondered at if none of the above´named Italians
have been able to accomplish all that is expected from your illustrious
house�察�and if in so many revolutions in Italy�察�and in so many campaigns�察�it
has always appeared as if military virtue were exhausted�察 �this has
happened because the old order of things was not good�察 �and none of us
have known how to find a new one。 And nothing honours a man more than
to establish new laws and new ordinances when he himself was newly
risen。 Such things when they are well founded and dignified will make
him revered and admired�察�and in Italy there are not wanting opportunities
to bring such into use in every form。
Here there is great valour in the limbs whilst it fails in the head。 Look
attentively at the duels and the hand´to´hand combats�察 �how superior the
Italians are in strength�察 �dexterity�察 �and subtlety。 But when it comes to
armies they do not bear comparison�察 �and this springs entirely from the
insufficiency of the leaders�察�since those who are capable are not obedient�察�
and each one seems to himself to know�察�there having never been any one
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so distinguished above the rest�察 �either by valour or fortune�察 �that others
would yield to him。 Hence it is that for so long a time�察�and during so much
fighting in the past twenty years�察�whenever there has been an army wholly
Italian�察�it has always given a poor account of itself�察�the first witness to this
is Il Taro�察 �afterwards Allesandria�察 �Capua�察 �Genoa�察 �Vaila�察 �Bologna�察�
Mestri。��*�А�
��*�А �The battles of Il Taro�察 �1495�察 �Alessandria�察 �1499�察 �Capua�察 �1501�察�
Genoa�察�1507�察�Vaila�察�1509�察�Bologna�察�1511�察�Mestri�察�1513。
If�察�therefore�察�your illustrious house wishes to follow these remarkable
men who have redeemed their country�察�it is necessary before all things�察�as
a true foundation for every enterprise�察�to be provided with your own forces�察�
because there can be no more