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the formation of vegetable mould-及13何蛍

弌傍�� the formation of vegetable mould 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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so that they must at first be made a little wider than their 
ultimate diameter。  I have seen several burrows in undisturbed sand 
thus lined at a depth of 4 ft。 6 in。�察�and others close to the 
surface thus lined in recently dug ground。  The walls of fresh 
burrows are often dotted with little globular pellets of voided 
earth�察�still soft and viscid�察�and these�察�as it appears�察�are spread 
out on all sides by the worm as it travels up or down its burrow。  
The lining thus formed becomes very compact and smooth when nearly 
dry�察�and closely fits the worm's body。  The minute reflexed 
bristles which project in rows on all sides from the body�察�thus 
have excellent points of support�察�and the burrow is rendered well 
adapted for the rapid movement of the animal。  The lining appears 
also to strengthen the walls�察�and perhaps saves the worm's body 
from being scratched。  I think so because several burrows which 
passed through a layer of sifted coal´cinders�察�spread over turf to 
a thickness of 1。5 inch�察�had been thus lined to an unusual 
thickness。  In this case the worms�察�judging from the castings�察�had 
pushed the cinders away on all sides and had not swallowed any of 
them。  In another place�察�burrows similarly lined�察�passed through a 
layer of coarse coal´cinders�察�3。5 inches in thickness。  We thus see 
that the burrows are not mere excavations�察�but may rather be 
compared with tunnels lined with cement。

The mouths of the burrow are in addition often lined with leaves�察�
and this is an instinct distinct from that of plugging them up�察�and 
does not appear to have been hitherto noticed。  Many leaves of the 
Scotch´fir or pine ��Pinus sylvestris�� were given to worms kept in 
confinement in two pots�察�and when after several weeks the earth was 
carefully broken up�察�the upper parts of three oblique burrows were 
found surrounded for lengths of 7�察�4�察�and 3。5 inches with pine´
leaves�察�together with fragments of other leaves which had been 
given the worms as food。  Glass beads and bits of tile�察�which had 
been strewed on the surface of the soil�察�were stuck into the 
interstices between the pine´leaves�察�and these interstices were 
likewise plastered with the viscid castings voided by the worms。  
The structures thus formed cohered so well�察�that I succeeded in 
removing one with only a little earth adhering to it。  It consisted 
of a slightly curved cylindrical case�察�the interior of which could 
be seen through holes in the sides and at either end。  The pine´
leaves had all been drawn in by their bases�察�and the sharp points 
of the needles had been pressed into the lining of voided earth。  
Had this not been effectually done�察�the sharp points would have 
prevented the retreat of the worms into their burrows�察�and these 
structures would have resembled traps armed with converging points 
of wire�察�rendering the ingress of an animal easy and its egress 
difficult or impossible。  The skill shown by these worms is 
noteworthy and is the more remarkable�察�as the Scotch pine is not a 
native of this district。

After having examined these burrows made by worms in confinement�察�I 
looked at those in a flower´bed near some Scotch pines。  These had 
all been plugged up in the ordinary manner with the leaves of this 
tree�察�drawn in for a length of from 1 to 1。5 inch�察�but the mouths 
of many of them were likewise lined with them�察�mingled with 
fragments of other kinds of leaves�察�drawn in to a depth of 4 or 5 
inches。  Worms often remain�察�as formerly stated�察�for a long time 
close to the mouths of their burrows�察�apparently for warmth�察�and 
the basket´like structures formed of leaves would keep their bodies 
from coming into close contact with the cold damp earth。  That they 
habitually rested on the pine´leaves�察�was rendered probable by 
their clean and almost polished surfaces。

The burrows which run far down into the ground�察�generally�察�or at 
least often�察�terminate in a little enlargement or chamber。  Here�察�
according to Hoffmeister�察�one or several worms pass the winter 
rolled up into a ball。  Mr。 Lindsay Carnagie informed me ��1838�� 
that he had examined many burrows over a stone´quarry in Scotland�察�
where the overlying boulder´clay and mould had recently been 
cleared away�察�and a little vertical cliff thus left。  In several 
cases the same burrow was a little enlarged at two or three points 
one beneath the other�察�and all the burrows terminated in a rather 
large chamber�察�at a depth of 7 or 8 feet from the surface。  These 
chambers contained many small sharp bits of stone and husks of 
flax´seeds。  They must also have contained living seeds�察�for on the 
following spring Mr。 Carnagie saw grass´plants sprouting out of 
some of the intersected chambers。  I found at Abinger in Surrey two 
burrows terminating in similar chambers at a depth of 36 and 41 
inches�察�and these were lined or paved with little pebbles�察�about as 
large as mustard seeds�察�and in one of the chambers there was a 
decayed oat´grain�察�with its husk。  Hensen likewise states that the 
bottoms of the burrows are lined with little stones�察�and where 
these could not be procured�察�seeds�察�apparently of the pear�察�had 
been used�察�as many as fifteen having been carried down into a 
single burrow�察�one of which had germinated。 ��40��  We thus see how 
easily a botanist might be deceived who wished to learn how long 
deeply buried seeds remained alive�察�if he were to collect earth 
from a considerable depth�察�on the supposition that it could contain 
only seeds which had long lain buried。  It is probable that the 
little stones�察�as well as the seeds�察�are carried down from the 
surface by being swallowed�察�for a surprising number of glass beads�察�
bits of tile and of glass were certainly thus carried down by worms 
kept in pots�察�but some may have been carried down within their 
mouths。  The sole conjecture which I can form why worms line their 
winter´quarters with little stones and seeds�察�is to prevent their 
closely coiled´up bodies from coming into close contact with the 
surrounding cold soil�察�and such contact would perhaps interfere 
with their respiration which is effected by the skin alone。

A worm after swallowing earth�察�whether for making its burrow or for 
food�察�soon comes to the surface to empty its body。  The ejected 
earth is thoroughly mingled with the intestinal secretions�察�and is 
thus rendered viscid。  After being dried it sets hard。  I have 
watched worms during the act of ejection�察�and when the earth was in 
a very liquid state it was ejected in little spurts�察�and by a slow 
peristaltic movement when not so liquid。  It is not cast 
indifferently on any side�察�but with some care�察�first on one and 
then on another side�察�the tail being used almost like a trowel。  
When a worm comes to the surface to eject earth�察�the tail 
protrudes�察�but when it collects leaves its head must protrude。  
Worms therefore must have the power of turning round in their 
closely´fitting burrows�察�and this�察�as it appears to us�察�would be a 
difficult feat。  As soon as a little heap has been formed�察�the worm 
apparently avoids�察�for the sake of safety�察�protruding its tail�察�and 
the earthy matter is forced up through the previously deposited 
soft mass。  The mouth of the same burrow is used for this purpose 
for a considerable time。  In the case of the tower´like castings 
��see Fig。 2�� near Nice�察�and of the similar but still taller towers 
from Bengal ��hereafter to be described and figured���察�a considerable 
degree of skill is exhibited in their construction。  Dr。 King also 
observed that the passage up these towers hardly ever ran in the 
same exact line with the underlying burrow�察�so that a thin 
cylindrical object such as a haulm of grass�察�could not be passed 
down the tower into the burrow�察�and this change of direction 
probably serves in some manner as a protection。

Worms do not always eject their castings on the surface of the 
ground。  When they can find any cavity�察�as when burrowing in newly 
turned´up earth�察�or between the stems of banked´up plants�察�they 
deposit their castings in such places。  So again any hollow beneath 
a large stone lying on the surface of the ground�察�is soon filled up 
with their castings。  According to Hensen�察�old burrows are 
habitually used for this purpose�察�but as far as my experience 
serves�察�this is not the case�察�excepting with those near the surface 
in recently dug ground。  I think that Hensen may have been deceived 
by the walls of old burrows�察�lined with black earth�察�having sunk in 
or collapsed�察�for black streaks are thus left�察�and these are 
conspicuous when passing through light´coloured soil�察�and might be 
mistaken for completely filled´up burrows。

It is certain that old burrows collapse in the course of time�察�for 
as we shall see in the next chapter�察�the fine earth voided by 
worms�察�if spread out uniformly�察�would form in many places in the 
course of a year a layer 0。2 of an inch in thickness�察�so that at 
any rate this large amount is not deposited within the old unused 
burrows。  If the burrows did not collapse�察�the whole ground would 
be first thickly riddled with holes to a depth of about ten inches�察�
and in fifty years a hollow unsupported space�察�ten inches in depth�察�
would be left。  The holes left by the decay of successively formed 
roots of trees and plants must likewise collapse in the course of 
time。

The burrows of worms run down perpendicularly or a little 
obliquely�察�and where the soil is at all argillaceous�察�there is no 
difficulty in believing that the walls would slowly flow or slide 
inwards during very wet weather。  When�察�however�察�the soil is sandy 
or mingled with many small stones�察�it can hardly be viscous enough 
to flow inwards during even the wettest weather�察�but another agency 
may here come into play。  After much rain the ground swells�察�and as 
it cannot expand laterally�察�the surface rises�察�during dry weather 
it sinks again。  For instance�察�a large flat stone laid on the 
surface of a field sank 3。33 mm。 whilst the weather was dry between 
May 9th and June 13th�察�and rose 1。91 mm�察�between September 7th and 
19th of the same year�察�much rain having fallen during the latter 
part of this time。  During frosts and thaws t

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