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preservation。　Whether；　as　Mr。　Babington　observes

in　his　preface　to　the　work；　any　more　scraps　of

the　〃Oration　for　Lycophron〃　or　of　the　〃Oration

against　Demosthenes〃　remain　to　be　discovered；

either　in　Thebes　or　elsewhere；　may　be　doubtful；

but　is　certainly　worth　the　inquiry　of　learned　travellers。'

The　condition；　however；　of　the　fragments

obtained　by　Mr。　Harris　but　too　significantly　indicate

the　hopelessness　of　success。　The　scroll　had

evidently　been　more　frequently　rolled　and　unrolled

in　that　particular　part；　namely；　the　speech　of　Hyperides

in　a　matter　of　such　peculiar　interest　as

that　involving　the　honor　of　the　most　celebrated

orator　of　antiquity；　it　had　been　more　read　and

had　been　more　thumbed　by　ancient　fingers　than　any

other　speech　in　the　whole　volume；　and　hence　the

terrible　gap　between　Mr。　Harris's　and　Mr。　Arden's

portions　Those　who　are　acquainted　with　the

brittle；　friable　nature　of　a　roll　of　papyrus　in　the　dry

climate　of　Thebes；　after　being　buried　two　thousand

years　or　more　and　then　coming　first　into　the　hands

of　a　ruthless　Arab；　who；　perhaps；　had　rudely

snatched　it　out　of　the　sarcophagus　of　the　mummied

scribe；　will　well　understand　how　dilapidations　occur。

It　frequently　happens　that　a　single　roll；　or　possibly

an　entire　box；　of　such　fragile　treasures　is

found　in　the　tomb　of　some　ancient　philologist　or

man　of　learning；　and　that　the　possession　is　immediately

disputed　by　the　company　of　Arabs　who　may

have　embarked　on　the　venture。　To　settle　the　dispute；

when　there　is　not　a　scroll　for　each　member

of　the　company；　an　equitable　division　is　made　by

dividing　the　papyrus　and　distributing　the　portions。

Thus；　in　this　volume　of　Hyperides；　it　seems　that

it　has　fallen　into　two　pieces　at　the　place　where　it

had　most　usually　been　opened；　and　where；　alas！　it

would　have　been　most　desirable　to　have　kept　it

whole；　and　that　the　smaller　fragments　have　been

lost　amid　the　dust　and　rubbish　of　the　excavation；

while　the　two　extremities　have　been　made　distinct

properties；　which　have　been　sold；　as　we　have　seen；

to　separate　collectors。　So；　at　all　events；　such

matters　are　managed　at　Thebes。



〃Mr。　Harris　mentions　fragments　of　the　'Iliad；'

which　he　had　purchased　of　some　of　the　Arab　disturbers

of　the　dead　in　the　sacred　cemeteries　of

Middle　Egypt；　most　probably　Saccara。〃



The　oldest　known　specimens　of　the　Greek　papyri

and　which　were　found　in　Egypt；　have　a　range　of　one

thousand　years；　that　is；　from　the　third　century　B。　C。

to　the　seventh　century　A。　D。



The　first　discovery　of　Greek　papyri　was　made　at

Herculaneum　in　1752。　Papyrus；　however；　in　the

most　ancient；　periods　was　not　the　only　pliable　material

used　to　write　on　which　could　be　rolled　on　cylinders。

Linen　or　cloth；　which　had　been　first　treated

with　substances　which　filled　the　interstices　and

characteristic　of　our　oil…cloth；　the　inner　bark　of　certain

trees；　or　in　fact　any　material　which　would　receive　ink

and　roll　around　a　cylinder　was　in　vogue。　This　form

of　manuscript　was　later　termed　by　the　Romans　rolles；

to　roll　round；　or　more　commonly　volvere；　to　roll　over。



It　is　not　certain；　however；　that　this　character　of

manuscript　immediately　superseded　the　tablet　form

of　records　inscribed　on　wood　or　metal。　Noel　Humphreys

is　one　of　several　to　suggest：



〃The　reference　to　the　'pen　of　a　ready　writer；'

mentioned　in　the　Psalms　of　David　（B。　C。　1086…

1016）　could　scarcely　be　the　sharp　point；　or　stilus；

by　means　of　which　characters　were　engraved　upon

wood　or　metal；　but　rather　the　calamus　or　juncas；

used　for　writing　with　a　dark　fluid　upon　bark　or

linen。　The　word　volume　indeed　occurs　in　Psalms

xxxix。；　and　these　volumina　or　volumes　must　have

been　either　rolls　of　leaves；　or　bark；　or　Egyptian

papyrus。〃



Some　writers　like　Casley；　Purcelli；　Haygen；　Calmet；

and　others；　who　also　more　or　less　discuss　this　subject；

do　not　view　it　entirely　the　same。







CHAPTER　XXIX。



ANCIENT　INK　BACKGROUNDS　（PARCHMENT　AND　VELLUM）。



THE　PERGAMUS　LIBRARY　COMPOSED　PRINCIPALLY　OF

PARCHMENT　VOLUMESCAUSES　WHICH　CONTRIBUTED

TO　THE　SUBSTITUTION　OF　PARCHMENT　FOR　PAPYRUS

ANECDOTE　ABOUT　EUMENES　AND　PTOLEMY　PHILADELPHUS

INVENTION　OF　METHOD　WHICH　MADE　SKINS

AVAILABLE　FOR　FLUID　INK　WRITINGINTRODUCTION

OF　DRESSED　SKINS　THE　FIRST　STEP　TOWARDS　THE

MODERN　FORM　OF　BOOKSWHEN　PARCHMENT　AND

VELLUM　SUPERSEDED　OTHER　SUBSTANCES　AS　A　GENERAL

MATERIAL　FOR　WRITING　UPONMANUFACTURE

OF　BARK　PAPER　PREVIOUS　TO　THE　INTRODUCTION　OF

THE　LINEN　PAPER　OF　THE　EASTSOME　OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT　CHINESE　PAPERALLUSIONS　OF　CLASSICAL

WRITERS　TO　INSCRIPTIONS　ON　SKINS　AND　DISCOVERY

OF　SPECIMENSEMPLOYMENT　OF　PARCHMENT　BY　THE

HEBREWSOLD　SCRIPTURAL　MSS。　DISCOVERED　ON

PARCHMENTNAMES　OF　THE　MOST　VALUABLE　NEW

TESTAMENT　CODICESSTORY　OF　THE　DISCOVERY　OF

THE　SINAITIC　CODEX　AS　TOLD　BY　MADANASSERTION

OF　SIMONIDES　THAT　HE　FORGED　ITPAMLIMPSESTS

THE　LINK　BETWEEN　CLASSICAL　TIMES　AND　THE　MIDDLE

AGESOBSERVATIONS　ABOUT　THEM　AND　SOME　DISCOVERIES

OF　THE　MORE　FAMOUS　ONESUSE　OF　PAPYRUS；

PARCHMENT　AND　VELLUM　TOGETHER　IN　MSS。

BOOKSOBSERVATIONS　BY　THOMPSONCHARACTER

OF　THE　ROLLS　AND　RECORDS　BELONGING　TO　EARLY

PARLIAMENTARY　TIMES　IN　ENGLANDCOMPARATIVE

METHODS　OF　THEIR　PREPARATIONMODES　OF　DEPOSITING

AND　CARRYING　ANCIENT　ENGLISH　RECORDS

METHOD　OF　FINDING　PARTICULAR　DOCUMENTS

THE　INDIVIDUALS　WHO　HANDLED　THE　BOOKS　OF　THOSE

EPOCHSCITATIONS　FROM　KNIGHT'S　〃LIFE　OF

CAXTON〃REMARKS　BY　WARTONEXPENSE　ACCOUNT　OF

SIR　JOHN　HOWARDMETHODS　OF　THE　TRANSCRIBERS

AND　LIMNERS　OF　THOSE　TIMESMODERN　METHODS

OF　PREPARING　PARCHMENT　AND　VELLUMCITATION

FROM　THE　PENNY　CYCLOPaeDIAPASSAGE　FROM　A

SERMON　OF　THE　ARCHBISHOP　OF　TOURSANECDOTE

ABOUT　THE　COUNT　OF　NEVERS。



THE　great　abundance　of　papyrus　in　Egypt；　the

chief　source　of　its　supply；　the　genius　and　magnificence

of　the　rulers　of　that　country；　and　the　army　of

learned　men　who　resorted　thither；　caused　it　to　become

the　principal　home　of　those　immense　libraries　of　antiquity

already　mentioned　as　having　perished　by　fire

and　tumults　included　in　periods　between　B。　C。　48　and

A。　D。　640。



The　Pergamus　library　which　was　deposited　by

Cleopatra；　B。　C。　32；　in　the　city　of　Alexandria；　is　said

to　have　been　composed　almost　wholly　of　parchment

written　volumes。　The　reason　or　cause　of　such　employment；

of　parchment　in　preference　to　papyrus　is

attributed　to　jealousies　existing　between　Eumenes；

King　of　Pergamus；　and　Ptolemy　Philadelphus；　the

ruler　of　Egypt；　contemporaries　of　each　other。



This　Ptolemy；　B。　C。　202；　issued　an　edict　prohibiting

the　exportation　of　papyrus　from　Egypt；　and　hoped

thereby　to　rid　himself　of　foreign　rivals　in　the　formation

of　libraries；　also　that　he　might　never　be　subject

to　the　inconvenience　of　wanting　paper　for　the　multitude

of　scribes　whom　he　kept　constantly　employed；

both　to　write　original　manuscripts　as　well　as　to　multiply

them　by　duplication。



Before　this　period　the　exportation　of　papyrus　had

been　a　very　considerable　article　of　Egyptian　commerce；

but　thereafter　it　became　much　curtailed；　and

about　A。　D。　950　had　ceased　altogether。



Eumenes；　it　appears；　was　not　to　be　deterred　from

his　favorite　study　and　pastime；　so　lie　contrived　a　peculiar

mode　of　dressing　skins；　which　seems　to　have

answered　very　fully　the　requirements　of　fluid…ink

writing　methods　and　thus　avoiding　the　necessity　of

employing　paints；　the　only　material　which　would

〃bind〃　to　undressed　parchment　（skins）。



That　the　refined　and　luxurious　Romans；　after　the

introduction　of　parchment；　vellum；　and　paper；　insisted

on　an　improvement　in　quality　and　appearance　is　certain。

This　appears　from　various　passages　in　their　best　authors。

Ovid；　writing　to　Rome　from　his　place　of　exile；

complains　bitterly　that　his　letter　must　be　sent　plain；

simple；　and　without　the　customary　embellishments。



We　can　safely　date　the　first　step　towards　the　modern

form　of　books　to　the　introduction　of　dressed　skins

（parchment　and　vellum）；　as　surfaces　to　receive　ink

writing。　These　materials　could　be　formed　into　leaves；

instead　of　metal；　wood；　ivory；　or　wax　tablets；　a　use　to

which　papyrus　could　not　be　put　on　account　of　its　brittleness。

Thus　originated　the　libri　quadrali；　or　square

books；　which　eventually　superseded　the　ancient　volumina

（rolls）。



Parchment　and　vellum　gradually　superseded　all

other　substances　in　Europe　as　a　general　material

for　writing　upon；　after　the　third　or　fourth　century。

The　employment　of　papyrus；　however；　in　ecclesiastical

centers　continued　even　as　late　as　the　eleventh

century。



A　kind　of　bark　paper　was　manufactured　in　Europe

previous　to　the　introduction　of　linen　（〃cotton；〃

〃Bombycina〃）　paper　from　the　East。　The　ancient　Chinese

made　various　kinds　of　paper　and　had　a　method　of　producing

pieces　sometimes　forty　feet　in　length。　The

Chinese　record；　called　〃Sou　kien　tchi　pou；〃　states

that　a　kind　of　paper　was　made　from　hemp；　and　another

authority　（Du　Halde）　observes；　〃that　old　pieces

of　woven　hemp　were　first　made　into　paper　in　that

country　about　A。　D。　95；　by　a　great　mandarin　of　the

palace。〃　Linen　rags　were　afterwards　employed　by

the　Chinese。



The　introduction　of　〃linen〃　paper　into　Europe

did　not　materially　affect　or　interfere　with　the　use　of

parchment　or　vellum　until　after　the　invention　of

printing　in　the　fifteenth　century。



The　class　of　substances　to　which　parchment　and

vellum　belong　has　already　received　some　consideration

but　is　a　subject　well　worth　some　further　discussion。



Allusions　are　found　in　some　of　the　classical　writers

to　inscriptions　written　on　the　skins　of　goats　and

sheep；　it　has；　indeed；　been　asserted　by　some　scholars

that　the　Books　of　Moses　were　written　on　such　skins。

Dr。　Buchanan　many　years　ago　discovered；　in　the

record　chest　of　some　Hebrews　at　Malabar；　a　manuscript

copy　of　the　greater　part　of　the　Pentateuch；

written　in　Hebrew　on　goat's　skins。　The　goat　skins

were　thirty…seven　in　number；　dyed　red；　and　were

sewn　together；　so