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 Crude nitro…benzole;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 57 a 61 〃      〃

 Rectified nitro…benzole;。。。。。。。。。。。。 82 a 96 〃      〃

 Ordinary aniline;。。。。。。。。。。。。。 3。27 a 4。90 〃      〃

 Liquid aniline violet;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 28 a 41 〃      〃

 Carmine aniline violet;。。。。。。。 32 c。 a 1。92         〃

 Pure aniline violet; in powder;。。。。 245 a 326。88   〃



The last is equal to the price of gold。 And so; says

M。 Parisal; from coal; carried to its tenth power; we

have gold; the diamond is to come。



Modern chemistry offers many formulas and

methods of rendering visible secret or sympathetic

inks。 Writing made with any of the following solutions;

and permitted to dry; is invisible。 Treatment

by the means cited will render them visible。






     Solution。               After treatment。   Color produced。

 Acetate of lead。          Sulphuret of potassiurin。   Brown。

 Gold in nitrohydroChloric acid。   Tin in same acid。   Purple。

 Nut…galls。                        Sulphate of iron。   Black。

 Dilute sulphuric acid。            Heat。               Black。

 Cobalt in dilute                  Heat。               Green。

    nitrohydrochloric acid。

 Lemon juice。                      Heat。               Brown。

 Oxide of copper in                Heat。               Blue。

     acetic acid and salt

 Nitrate of bismuth。           Infusions of Nutgalls。  Brown。

 Common starch。                    Iodine in alcohol。  Purple。

 Colorless iodine。                 Chloride of lime。   Brown。

 Phenolphtalin。                    Alkaline solution。  Red。

 Vanadium。                         Pyrogallic acid。    Purple。





The Patent Office at Washington; D。 C。; for more

than forty years employed a violet copying ink made

of logwood。 From 1853 until 1878 it was furnished

by the Antoines of Paris; of the brand termed

〃Imperial;〃 in later years it was supplied by the Fabers。

Since 1896 they have been using 〃combined〃 writing

fluids。



The following facts elicited by the unrollment of a

mummy at Bristol; England; in 1853; were communicated

to the Philosophical Magazine; by Dr。 Herapath。

He says:



〃On three of the bandages were hieroglyphical

characters of a dark color; as well defined as if

written with a modern pen; where the marking fluid

had flowed more copiously than the characters required;

the texture of the cloth had become decomposed

and small holes had resulted。 I have no

doubt that the bandages were genuine; and had

not been disturbed or unfolded; the color of the

marks were so similar to those of the present

'marking ink;' that I was induced to try if they

were produced by silver。 With the blowpipe I

immediately obtained a button of that metal; the

fibre of the linen I proved by the microscope; and

by chemical reagents; to be linen; it is therefore

certain that the ancient Egyptians were acquainted

with the means of dissolving silver; and of applying

it as a permanent ink; but what was their solvent?

I know of none that would act on the

metal and decompose flax fibre but nitric acid;

which we have been told was unknown until discovered

by the alchemist in the thirteenth century;

which was about 2200 years after the date of this

mummy; according as its superscription was read。



〃The Yellow color of the fine linen cloths which

had not been stained by the embalming materials;

I found to be the natural coloring matter of the

flax; they therefore did not; if we judge from this

specimen; practice bleaching。 There were; in some

of the bandages near the selvage; some twenty or

thirty blue threads; these were dyed by indigo;

but the tint was not so deep nor so equal as the

work of the modern dyers; the color had been

given it in the skein。



〃One of the outer bandages was of a reddish

color; which dye I found to be vegetable; but could

not individualize it; Mr。 T。 J。 Herapath analyzed

it for tin and alumina; but could not find any。

The face and internal surfaces of the orbits had

been painted white; which pigment I ascertained

to be finely powdered chalk。〃



 〃I am a scribbled form; drawn with a Pen

 Upon a Parchment; and against this fire

 Do I shrink up。〃

                         KING JOHN; v; 7。



 〃With much ado; his Book before him laid;

 And Parchment with the smoother side display'd;

 He takes the Papers; lays 'em down agen;

 And with unwilling fingers tries his Pen;

 Some peevish quarrel straight he tries to pick;

 His Quill writes double; or his Ink's too thick;

 Infuse more Water; now 'tis grown too thin;

 It sinks; nor can the characters be seen。〃

                         Persius; translated by Dryden。



INKS CALLED SYMPATHETICAL (Seventeenth Century)。



〃These operations are liquors of a different nature;

which do destroy one another; the first is an infusion

of quick…lime and orpin; the second a water turn'd

black by means of burned cork; and the third is a

vinegar impregnated with saturn。



〃Take an ounce of quick…lime; and half an ounce of

orpin; powder and mix them; put your mixture into

a matrass; and pour upon it five or six ounces of water;

that the water may be three fingers breadth above

the powder; stop your matrass with cork; wax; and a

bladder; set it in digestion in a mild sand heat ten or

twelve hours; shaking the matrass from time to time;

then let it settle; the liquid becomes clear like common

water。



〃Burn cork; and quench it in aqua vitae; then dissolve

it in a sufficient quantity of water; wherein you

shall have melted a little gumm arabick; in order to

make an ink as black as common ink。 You must

separate the cork that can't dissolve; and if the ink be

not black enough; add more cork as before。



〃Get the impregnation of saturn made with vinegar;

distilled as I have shewn before; or else dissolve

so much salt of saturn as a quantity of water

is able to receive: write on paper with a new

pen dipt in this liquor; take notice of the place

where you writ; and let it dry; nothing at all will

appear。



〃Write upon the invisible writing with the ink

made of burnt cork; and let it dry; that which you

have writ will appear as if it had been done with common

ink。



〃Dip a little cotton in the first liquor made of lime

and orpin; but the liquor must be first settled and

clear; rub the place you writ upon with this cotton

and that which appeared will presently disappear; and

that which was not seen will appear。



ANOTHER EXPERIMENT。



Take a book four fingers breadth in bigness; or

bigger if you will: write on the first leaf with your

impregnation of saturn; or else put a paper that you

have writ upon between the leaves; turn to t' other

side of the Book; and having observed as near as may

be the opposite place to your writing; rub the last leaf

of the book with cotton dipt in liquor made of quick…

lime and orpin; nay and leave the cotton on the place

clap a folded paper presently upon it; and shutting

the book quickly; strike upon it with your hand four

or five good strokes; then turn the book; and clap it

into a press for half a quarter of an hour; take it out

and open it; you'll find the place appear black; where

you had writ with the invisible ink。 The same thing

might be done through a wall; if you could provide

something to lay on both sides; that might hinder the

evaporation of the spirits。



REMARKS。



〃These operations are indeed of no use; but because

they are somewhat surprizing; I hope the curious will

not take it ill; that I make this small digression。



〃It is a hard matter to explicate well the effects I

have now related; nevertheless I shall endeavour to

illustrate them a little; without having recourse to

sympathy and antipathy; which are general terms; and

do not explicate nothing at all; but before I begin; we

must remark several things。



〃The first is; that it is an essential point to quench

the coal of cork in aqua vitae; that the visible ink may

become black with it。



〃Secondly; that the blackness of this ink does

proceed from the fuliginosity or sooty part of the coal

of the cork which is exceeding porous and light; and

that this fuliginosity is nothing but an oil very much

rarefied。



〃Thirdly; that the impregnation of saturn; which

makes the invisible ink; is only a lead dissolved; and

held up imperceptibly in an acid liquor; as I have said;

when I spoke of this metal。



〃Fourthly; that the first of these liquors in a mixture

of the alkali and igneous parts of quick…lime with

the sulphureous substance of arsenick; for the orpin

is a sort of arsenick; as I said before。



〃All this being granted; as no body can reasonably

think otherwise; I now affirm; that the reason why the

visible ink does disappear; when the defacing liquor is

rubbed upon it; is that this liquor consisting of an

alkali salt; and parts that are oily and penetrating;

this mixture does make a kind of soap; which is able

to dissolve any fuliginous substance; such as burnt

cork; especially when it has been already rarefied and

disposed for dissolution by aqua vitae; after the same

manner as common soap; which is compounded of oil;

and an alkali salt; is able to take away any spots made

by grease。



〃But it may be demanded; why after the dissolution

the blackness does disappear。



〃I answer; that the fuliginous parts have been so

divided; and locked up in the sulphureous alkali of

the liquor; that they are become invisible; and we see

every day that very exact solutions do render the thing

dissolved imperceptible; and without colour。



〃The little alkali salt which is in the burnt cork

may also the better serve to joyn with the alkali of

the quick…lime; and to help the dissolution。



〃As for the invisible ink; it is easy to apprehend

how that appears black; when the same liquor; which

serves to deface the other; is used upon it。 For whereas

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