pathology of lying-及17何蛍
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
ent at the very first interview with Edna and no doubt had reference to the fact that the mother could produce receipted bills for the dress and other articles which Edna had maintained to the detective she herself had stolen。 Of course the girl's story of this was untrue�察�the receipts were genuine。��
``One of my sisters is adopted�察�but my father does not know it。 She ain't real。 It was this way。 When my pa was out west for a year ma asked me to look in the papers for a baby and I looked and found an advertisement about one。 Ma said she must not be redheaded because that ain't like the family。 We went and got her and ma went to bed for nine days and pretended it was her baby。 She took a shawl and gave the nurse 25 and made out adoption papers。 She took me with her。 It was a month old。 She made me go and tell my aunt I had a little sister。 My aunt said it looked kind of big for 3 days old�察�but ma said she had been keeping it in an incubator。 She had padded herself out before�察�and pretended it was her own child。 Pa came home when it was six months old and he loved the baby just like his own。 I ain't jealous�察�but it makes me sick to hear such lies。''
This alleged fact�察�reiterated to us and testified to in the court�察�was in itself a source of the whole case being farther followed up。 The nurse was found who took care of Edna's ``mother'' during her confinement and it was found that Edna's whole story was quite untrue。 It was evidently an elaborate fabrication representing the facts as they might have been about Edna herself。 The only part of it that was true was that one of the younger children had been for a time in an incubator。
``Since I was 10 years old I have known about that。 I have known I was not her child。 She said something that sounded queer to me once when I ran away。 It made me think she was not my mother。
``Why do I tell lies�拭 �I got started at it when I was small。 She used to make me tell lies to my father。 I began to steal when I was about 8 years old。 My little sister has started to take things already。 She is only 4。 I was trying to break her and mother said�察 �Let her alone。'
``She's had about nine different servants。 She never can keep any。 She used to make me forge letters。 She made me sign a girl's name to a receipt for wages which the girl never received。 The girl had no case against her because she had the receipts。 The poor girl lost it。
``I am going to tell the truth。 There's going to be lots of things come out。 I am going to tell the judge I lied when I told him I did not steal the things。 Why did I lie�拭 �Well�察�she gave me just one look and I knew what she would do to me when I got home。 Everything I told you about my father is the truth。 Where else would I get that disease�拭 �I was never allowed to go out with boys。''
At another time when we inquired what bothered or worried her more than anything else we obtained an account of her sex repressions。 Of course there would always be difficulty in knowing just how true the details were but probably she gave us the main factors in her mental life。
``I used to be out in the streets all the time。 There were hardly any houses around there then。 I used to hear mother talk about things。 She would send me out of the room and say it was not for me to hear。 Then boys lived near me and they asked me to do bad things。 I first heard about those things from a boy on the porch。 I was 7 or 8。 I was always thinking about itwhat my mother said at that time�察�I mean。 She did not explain it enough。 I am always fidgety�察�always nervous。 My hands and feet are always going。 Whenever I would see a boy it would always come up in front of my eyes。 It was mostly when I saw boys。 If she had explained it more it would not have come up that way。 I know a girl who does that thing。 She's bad。 She does it with boys too。 The people said so。 When I was little I imagined there were some bad girls。 You can't tell�察�but you can guess a little。 That boy had lots of things。 I don't know if he took anything。 It was when I was about 4 until I was 8 that I played with him。 These things never came up in my mind when I was taking things。 It was only when I was not busy。 I was always thinking about it when I haven't anything else to do。 These few little words were not enough to explain。 I remember I asked my aunt once。 I tried to put things together what I heard�察�and what words about it meant。''
The above excerpts from many interviews with this girl represent points upon which there is the least contradiction。 It is obviously useless to give any more of her story because of the variation from time to time。 Even on the last occasion when we talked earnestly to her before she was taken to her new home�察�she lied to us about a number of points。 Any attempt at an accurate analysis of her impulse to steal seemed quite beyond the mark in the light of her ever´ready fabrications。
The after´history of this case is of the utmost importance。 A woman of strong character took Edna and surrounded her with new interests。 Conference was had with us on the nature of the case。 For the next few months reports came that the girl was a liar through and through and grave doubts were entertained of ultimate success。 It was after she had been tried in her new environment for 3 months that�察�seeing us again�察�she confessed that her stories about her foster father were absolutely untrue。 From about this time on there has been steady improvement。 No more elaborate fabrications have been indulged in。 On several occasions when Edna has been late from school she has lied about it�察�but even that tendency for the last year has been nearly obliterated。 A good deal of interest in boys has been maintained�察�but not with any show of immorality。 There has been nothing but normal flirting�察�accounting for the occasions when Edna has been late from school。
At two or three periods during her new life Edna has engaged in stealing。 She has taken articles for which she had no particular use and has told lies about the matter。 The thieving has not been a single event�察�but each time has seemed to represent a state of mind she has been in�察�and for a week or so numerous articles have been taken。 We warned her good friend to make a study of her social and mental influences at such periods。 It was found then that Edna was undergoing special stress on at least one such occasion。 A young man had been making up to her�察�and later she confided that this given period was one of great turmoil because of the renewed arousal of many ideas about sex affairs。 After this there was still more attempts to win Edna's confidence about her daily experiences�察�including such as the above。 There has been the gradual development of character�察�and Edna is now�察�two years after she was taken from her bad environment�察�only very occasionally guilty of falsifying�察�and she is otherwise trustworthy。
Our study of the causative factors of this girl's delinquency and particularly of her extraordinary lying led us to see that perhaps all of the following have a part�此 。�a�� Heredity。 Father unknown。 Mother a free´living woman。 ��b�� Home conditions。 Mental and moral bad influences in the home life on account of the foster mother conniving at stealing and being herself an extreme liar。 ��c�� Psychic contagion from the atmosphere of lies in which the girl has been brought up。 ��d�� Mental conflict arising from the suspicion of her parentage�察�early acquaintance with sex knowledge�察�and the irregular morale of her home life。 ��e�� Bad companions�察�including her foster mother's friends�察�and boys and girls。
´ Mental Conflict。 Case 4。 Girl�察�age 15 yrs。 Home influences�此�Extremely bad�察�including excessive lying。 Bad companions。 Heredity �┌殖�。 Delinquencies�此 �Mentality�此 �Much stealing。 ��Shop lifting�察�etc。�� Fair ability。 Excessive lying。 False accusations。 Sex immorality。 ´
CASE 5
Summary�此 �A young woman of 20�察�bright mentally�察�strong physically�察 �`confessed'' to a professor of a university where she was studying that she had shot and killed a man。 The facts were known to only three or four people and she was terribly worried about it all。 Upon her information the affair was taken up by a group of professional men�察�one of them a lawyer of large practical experience。 She aided in an investigation which attempted to uncover the ``white slave'' feature of the case。 The data of verification proved most elusive。 Later�察�the young woman implicated herself in a burglary�察�and altogether an elaborate story of her life was evolved。 It was found that from early years she had been a great fabricator。
While a first year student at a university Marie M。 begged for an interview with one of her instructors at his home and there�察�with him and others�察�she told a detailed story of how some months previously she had escaped a difficult situation by killing a man。
The exceedingly long account which was given at intervals to several professional men and enlarged upon in response to inquiry�察�or as the occasion otherwise demanded�察�we are not justified in taking space to retell。 This case figures�察�as a whole�察�in somewhat anecdotal fashion among our others�察�we freely confess�察�it is cited to show the extent to which apparently purposeless fabrication can go。 It has been found impossible to gain a satisfactory idea of the genesis of this young woman's tendency�察�quite in contrast to the other cases we have cited。 It forms the only instance where we have drawn from our experience with merely partially studied cases。
Marie's story involved many items of her life since she was about 12 years of age。 A distant relative who had come to know her whereabouts ��she was an orphan living with friends�� figured extensively in her narrative。 This relative had hounded her in an effort to get her to engage in an evil life。 His attentions varied greatly�察�sometimes for months she was not bothered with him。 Once when she was on her way to Milwaukee a gray hai