pathology of lying-及22何蛍
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opportunity。 Her father was a rascal and came of an immoral family。 He had a criminal record�察�and that was another reason why the mother felt this girl was going to the bad。 The mother herself was strong and healthy�察�she was remarried。 The existence of feeblemindedness�察�epilepsy�察�or insanity on either side was denied。
We quickly observed by the physical conditions of this girl that something was the matter。 Expression sad and dull。 Long thin face and compressed lips。 Vision almost nil in one eye�察�but normal in the other。 Hearing normal。 Color only fair。 Weight 115 lbs。�察�height 5 ft。 4 in。 Most notable was her general listlessness。 ``I feel draggy and tired。 I'm yawning all the time。''
On the mental tests we found much irregularity。 Tasks that were done without effort were done fairly well。 The girl was a good reader and wrote a good hand。 A long task in arithmetic was with difficulty done correctly。 When she was able to get hold of herself she could do even our harder tests with accuracy。 Her failures were apparently from lack of concentration and attention。 Although she did some things well we felt obliged to call her dull from physical causes�察�feeling that if she were in better condition she might give a much better performance。
On the ``Aussage��'' or Testimony Test�察�11 items were given on free recital and 2 of these were wrong。 Upon questioning�察�17 more details were added and 4 of these were incorrect。 2 out of 5 suggestions definitely accepted。
Under observation it was just as the mother said。 The girl was an extreme falsifier。 As one observer puts it�察 �`she is not malicious in her lies�察�but just lies all the time and seems to try to make herself believe what she is saying。''
``I was in the 7th grade。 Had a hundred jobs since then。 Can't keep them because I'm so draggy。 They want their money's worththey want a more live girl。 Sometimes I don't mind my mother and I get spunky。 I feel lonesome and get mad。 I feel tired。 I can't please my mother no matter how hard I try。 I'd like to go in some little home where I could have a chance。''
After a few days we found this girl in a decidedly good mood�察�wanting to be helped。 She willingly entered into the analysis of her case with us and said she thought most of her trouble came because she was a day´dreamer。 ``Sometimes I dream of things in the day time。 I'll sit and stare and stare and think of different things。 I'll think I'm doing them。 I'll dream of things what I do and if I read a good play I'll dream of that。 When I think of myself or somebody starts looking at me I'll stop dreaming。''
To another observer this girl gave a vivid description of how she felt after seeing pictures in the nickel shows。 She states that love´making scenes lead her to practice self´abuse。 This matter was taken up with her mother who stated that when this child was 7 years old she and the father had caught her at this habit and had severely reprimanded her and had thought she had stopped it。 We were particularly interested to hear this because it was exactly the time the mother had specified as the beginning of her lying and general bad behavior。 Going farther into the case with
the mother and the girl we ascertained that her bad sex habits had been continued more or less during all these years�察�and of late�察�particularly under the influence of picture shows�察�and of what some other girls were doing in the way of delinquency�察�the habit had become worse than ever。 It was closely connected evidently with day´dreaming all these years and with the development of the fabricating tendency。
The mother who had been apparently so negligent of causes proved now to be a stalwart in this case and took the girl under her immediate charge。 There was steady betterment。 The girl went back and finished school and at the end of a year was reported as tremendously improved。 There was no further complaint about her lying。 We know that after this she long held a good position which any hint of untrustworthiness or lack of capacity would have lost her。 Thus the cure of her sex habits brought about cessation of her extreme untruthfulness。
´ Bad sex habits long continued。 Case 7。 Heredity。 �┌殖� Father immoral Girl�察�age 16 yrs。 and criminal。 Home conditions。 Lack of understanding and supervision。 Delinquencies�此 �Mentality�此 �Excessive lying。 Dull from physical Early truancy。 causes。 ��Later Running away。 quite normal。�� ´
CASE 8
Summary�此 �A thoroughly illustrative case of long continued�察�excessive pathological lying on the part of a very bright girl�察�now 17 years old。 As this young woman has well known�察�her falsifications have many times militated against the fulfillment of her own desires and interests。 In the face of clear apperception of her fault�察�the tendency to react to a situation by lying sometimes appears to be fairly imperative。 The only ascertained bases of the tendency are her early reactions�察�unthwarted by parental control�察�followed by habit formation�察�all in an environment peculiarly favorable to deception。 The lying passed over into swindling。
Gertrude S。�察�who immigrated from England with her parents ten years previously�察�was seen by us when she was 17�察�after she had been engaged for months in a career of misrepresentation which had led her case into the hands of several social agencies。 Much difficulty was encountered because repeatedly when people had tried to help her she had led them astray in their investigations by telling ridiculously unnecessary falsehoods。 Her parents came to see us and gradually we obtained a detailed and probably quite reliable family and developmental history。 About the evolution of the young woman's mental life we have unfortunately had to rely much upon her own word。 This has made our studies rather more unsatisfactory than in other cases where corroboration from parents was obtained。 However�察�there is much that rings true and is of interest even in the unverifiable part of the study。
There is not much to be said about the physical examination�察�it was negative in most respects。 She is of rather slight type�察�weight 110 lbs。�察�height 5 ft。 1 in。 Delicate features of mature type。 Expression intelligent and decidedly refined for her social class。 Gynecological examination made by a specialist revealed nothing abnormal and no evidence of immorality。 Menstruation said to have taken place at 13 years and to be regular and not difficult。
In studying Gertrude's mental powers we gave a considerable range of tests and found her to be well up to the ordinary in ability。 She showed no remarkable ability in any direction�察�but gave an almost uniformly good performance on tests。 Concerning her other mental traits and especially her range of information and reading more will be said later。 No signs of aberration were discovered by any one。
The record on the ``Aussage'' picture test is as follows�此 �She gave 16 items on free recital with considerable reference to functional details and with side comments as to who the little girl might be�察�and what the dog wanted�察�and so on。 So far�察�this was the performance of a rational�察�quick´minded person。 On questioning�察�28 more items were added�察�but no less than 12 of these were incorrectshe evidently supplied freely from her imagination。 Of the 7 suggestions which were offered she took 5。 Twice not only was the main suggestion accepted�察�but imaginary details were added。 Naturally�察�this is a very unusual record from a normal person。
There is absolutely nothing of significance in the heredity�察�according to the accounts received by us。 All the grandparents are still alive in the old country。 They are small townspeople of good reputation。 Epilepsy�察�insanity�察�and feeblemindedness are stoutly denied and are probably absent in near relatives。 The father is a staunch citizen who feels keenly the disgrace of the present situation。 He is a hard working clerk。 We early learned the mother was not to be relied upon。 Our best evidence of this came from Gertrude。 She told us she had always been accustomed to hearing lies in her own household。 According to the father his wife's falsifications are merely to shield the children and she only shows the ordinary deceit of woman。 We have no history of this woman ever having indulged in elaborate fabrications and�察�in general�察�she is of thoroughly good reputation。 In delicacy of feature the girl is her mother over again。
Gertrude's birth was comparatively easy after a normal pregnancy。 After a healthy first infancy she had an illness at 2 years which lasted for three or four months。 The exact nature of this is not plain�察�but it was probably bronchitis with complications。 There were no evidences of any involvement of the nervous system。 She walked and talked early�察�at about 1 year of age。 She has had no other serious illness in all her life and has had no convulsions。 None of the children has suffered from convulsions。 Gertrude is one of five�察�all of whom are alive and well。 In the last couple of years she has complained a little of headaches and some other minor troubles。 It was typical of the family situation that after Gertrude had told us of a series of fainting spells a year previously�察�the mother corroborated her and�察�indeed�察�made them out even worse。 But when the reliable father was consulted on the matter it turned out there had been no such fainting attacks�察�nor could they be verified by communication with a doctor who is said to have attended Gertrude。 Unquestionably they never occurred。 Gertrude went to school at the usual age�察�but on account of poverty and immigration missed many long periods。 However�察�at 14 she had gone through the 6th grade。
About Gertrude's moral evolution we got very little aid from the parents or indeed from any others。 It was very evident that from earliest childhood the girl had led a mental life of which her relatives knew nothing。 Naturally�察�the mother gave us no account of the development of the tendency to