pathology of lying-及46何蛍
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ly be considered deeply rational。 It is hardly necessary to give lengthy specimens of his falsifications�察�they always pervaded his stories about himself�察�but strangely enough he acknowledged many of his delinquencies。 A good example of the latter was when he collected a little money for a new employer and on the way back�察�looking in a shop window�察�saw an electrical toy and immediately bought it。 He then went home�察�not even returning to the office to get the wages which were due him。 An example of his lying is his responses to questions about his schooling。 He maintained that he only reached the third grade。 ��In reality he could do sixth grade work at least。�� He said�察 �`I know long division by about 13 and about 5 figures。 I don't know it by any other numbers。'' William maintained these same characteristics over the 6 years during which we have good data about him。 We know he continued the same kind of a career for a year or so afterwards。
Three years later we have direct information from his family concerning William。 His habits of prevarication have been kept up steadily�察�so it is stated。 He has been in and out of institutions and at present is serving a sentence for larceny。 He all along has been unwilling to face realities and has lied against his own interests continually。 For instance�察�we are told that if he lost a place�察�instead of obtaining the help his family would have been willing to give him in gaining another�察�he would steadily pretend to be holding the former position。 He is still considered utterly unreliable and a thoroughly weak character with a tendency to meet a situation as readily by a lie as another person would tend to react by speaking the truth。 People who have known him of late speak of him as being at 21 ``just the same fellow��'' which probably indicates that he is thoroughly a victim of habit formation as well as of innate tendencies。
´ Mentality。 ��Typical constitutional inferior。�� Case 26。 Boy�察�age 16 years。 Heredity�此 �Mother epileptic。 Maternal grandmother had convulsions。 Father alcoholic and tobacco in excessweak type。 Developmental conditions�此 �Early disease of the central nervous system。 Delinquencies�此 �Mentality�此 �Running away。 Abilities irregular�察 �Stealing。 psychic episodes。 Lying。 ´
CASE 27
Summary�此 �Case of a boy�察�age 16 years�察�who told the most extraordinary stories of his vagrant life and the character of his family to officers of several organizations who tried to help him。 He understood well that evidences of his unreliability would count against him。 His stories�察�although often repeated�察�were not credited�察�and later�察�after a home had been found for him�察�he began a new series of lies that seemed almost delusional and somewhat paranoidal。 After months during which much had been done for him it was suddenly discovered that he was an epileptic。
John F。 appealed to an agency for assistance。 He told a story of having wandered with his brother since he was a young boy。 ``My father was insane from what my uncle did to my mother。 He drowned her。 The house caught on fire and he blamed her for it。 She said she didn't。 She was too sick to get up and he took her out of the house and his big son pumped water on her。 She was pretty near dead anyhow。 We was too little to do anything。 I seen it。 I remember that all right。 I can see that yet Brother and sister died about 3 years ago。 Brother took sick from sleeping out。 We slept around in barns for 2 years。 Father was in an insane hospital in Kansas。 I think my uncle was hanged at N。 Junction。 We did not stay there。 I remember yet when they went to put my mother in the grave。 I jumped in with her。 We put right out and after awhile folks wrote that father was dead。''
So much attention would not have been paid to this gruesome tale had it not been repeated to various people during the course of several months。 The boy wrote letters reiterating these incidents。 His stories always went on to include the most surprising amount of abuse。 It seemed that everywhere he had been illtreated。 Farmers had whipped him�察�or clothed him badly�察�or defrauded him of his wages。
Physically�察�we found John to be in good general condition。 A strong active country boy。 No serious defect of any kind was discovered。
On mental tests he did better than we expected。 To be sure he was very backward in arithmetic�察�but then his story was that he had hardly ever been to school at all。 He certainly did well in many of our tests with concrete material�察�but the results as a whole were curiously irregular�察�even if we allowed for his deficient schooling。 At that time we were disinclined to pass ultimate judgment on his mentality without knowing more about his antecedents。
On the ``Aussage'' Test he gave only 11 bare items on free recital。 On questioning 19 more details were added。 Of the entire number only 3 were incorrect�察�and these were not serious mistakes。 Of 6 suggestions offered he accepted 3。
The history of this boy and his family has never been forthcoming。 The authorities in his alleged home State have not been able to trace his family�察�which they could have done had his stories been true。 Their report made it clear that the boy's reiterated family history was a fabricationthe raison d'etre of which is still in doubt。 In spite of his lying the boy was found a desirable home in the country at the work for which he was suited。 After staying for a few weeks he returned to the city and got lodgings for himself。 We next heard of him because he was induced by a ``hold´up'' man to secrete a revolver on his person while the police were in the neighborhood。 Upon looking up his landlady�察�it was found that while with her he had suffered from epileptic attacks。 These had not been observed during the several months we had previously known him�察�and he had strongly denied them to us。 In our court work we constantly inquire for evidences of epilepsy�察�in this case we received nothing but negation。 After he served his sentence this young man was lost sight of。 Even in the institution to which he had been sent he continued his fanciful and often hideous stories�察�still largely centered about the idea that he had suffered unjustly wherever he had been。
No complete summary of causative factors is possible in this case。 The major cause for his lying as well as other delinquencies�察�particularly his vagrancy�察�is�察�of course�察�the mental traits peculiar to epilepsy。
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL。 DIAGNOSIS
PHYSICAL FINDINGS
Our 19 mentally normal cases ��18 females�察�1 male�� showed��
Good general condition。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 14 Fair general condition。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。2 Poor general condition。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。1 Poor development。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。2 Poor development�察�undersized for age。 。 。 。 。 。 。2 Defective vision。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。6 Headaches 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。4 Mild nervous symptoms 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。2 Tonsils and adenoids。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。3 Fainting attacks。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。1 Gynecological ailments。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。6 Abdominal tumor�察�etc。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。1 Hutchinsonian teeth 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。2 ``Stigmata of degeneracy''。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。3 Premature sex development 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。2
Comparing the above with the findings by previous writers we see little chance to draw safe deductions。 So many of the foreign cases have been insane�察�they can be more nearly compared with our 7 border´line types where all sorts of physical conditions may be found。 It is notable that a large percentage of our mentally normal cases are in good general condition。 Defective vision in 6 cases may be only a coincidence�察�but perhaps resulting nervous irritation was sometimes a factor in producing misconduct。 Headaches�察�which Stemmermann makes so much of�察�appear as an incident in only a small number of our cases�察�her emphasis on periodicity also we cannot corroborate�察�there are hints of it in only one or two instances�察�but then her cases for the most part are not comparable to ours。 That 6 out of 18 females should have had severe gynecological ailments is not to be wondered at�察�considering the trend of their lives�察�but�察�in turn�察�there can be little doubt that�察�as in Cases 16�察�18�察�and 21�察�the local irritation tended to bring about moral disabilities。
MENTAL FINDINGS
Considering first the question of mental capabilities we can classify our 19 normal cases as follows��
Supernormal in ability。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 2 Precocious�察�later�察�still considered bright。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 1 Good ability。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 6 Fair ability�察�perhaps not quite up to the former classes。 6 Poor ability。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 1 Poor ability�察�hysterical type 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 1 Poor in general�察�but with artistic and literary ability 。 1 Dull from physical causes�察�but later normal 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 1
Over and beyond the above enumeration there were some intensely interesting facts which came out during the intimate study of these cases。 We are at once forced to agree with previous writers that an unusual number of the pathological liar group show great aptitude for language。 This is shown by their general conversational ability and by the fact that many of them have found out themselves that they had capacity�察�for instance�察�for writing compositions。 Taking our group of pathological liars in the strict sense�察�as given in Chapter III�察�we find that no less than 7 of these 12 have been given to writing compositions and stories。 Three of them had definitely commenced long stories or novels。 It is most unusual among other offenders to find evidence of any such tendencies。 A considerable number of our group were characterized as great talk