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madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及23何蛍

弌傍�� madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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     Am I joking�拭       �Yes�察�and yet no�察�for you know that when I joke I am 

usually most in earnest。        At least�察�I am now。 

     But there are no caves in chalk�拭�

     No�察�not that I ever heard of。        There are�察�though�察�in limestone�察�which is 

only a harder kind of chalk。          Madam How could turn this chalk into hard 

limestone�察�I believe�察�even now�察�and in more ways than one�此                   �but in ways 

which   would   not   be   very  comfortable   or  profitable   for  us   Southern   folk 

who live on it。       I am afraid that´ ´what between squeezing and heating 

she  would   flatten   us   all out   into   phosphatic   fossils�察  �about   an   inch   thick�察�

and turn Winchester city into a ;breccia; which would puzzle geologists a 

hundred thousand years hence。             So we will hope that she will leave our 

chalk downs for the Itchen to wash gently away�察�while we talk about caves�察�

and how Madam How scoops them out by water underground�察�just in the 

same way�察�only more roughly�察�as she melts the chalk。 

     Suppose�察  �then�察  �that   these   hills�察  �instead   of   being   soft�察  �spongy   chalk�察�

were all hard limestone marble�察�like that of which the font in the church is 

made。      Then the rainwater�察�instead of sinking through the chalk as now�察�

would run over the ground down´hill�察�and if it came to a crack ��a fault�察�as 

it is called�� it would run down between the rock�察�and as it ran it would eat 

that hole wider and wider year by year�察�and make a swallow´holesuch as 

you   may  see  in   plenty  if   you   ever go   up Whernside�察 �or  any  of   the   high 

hills in Yorkshireunfathomable pits in the green turf�察�in which you may 

hear the water tinkling and trickling far�察�far underground。 

     And now�察�before we go a step farther�察�you may understand�察�why the 

bones   of   animals   are   so   often   found   in   limestone   caves。     Down   such 

swallow´holes   how   many   beasts   must   fall�此        �either   in   hurry   and   fright�察�

when hunted by lions and bears and such cruel beasts�察�or more often still 

in time of snow�察�when the holes are covered with drift�察�or�察�again�察�if they 

died   on   the   open   hill´sides�察  �their   bones   might   be   washed   in�察  �in   floods�察�

along with mud and stones�察�and buried with them in the cave below�察�and 

beside that�察�lions and bears and hyaenas might live in the caves below�察�as 

we   know   they   did   in   some   caves�察  �and   drag   in   bones   through   the   caves' 

mouths�察�or�察�again�察�savages might live in that cave�察�and bring in animals to 

eat�察  �like   the   wild   beasts�察  �and   so   those   bones   might   be   mixed   up�察  �as   we 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



know they were�察�with things which the savages had left behindlike flint 

tools or beads�察�and then the whole would be hardened�察�by the dripping of 

the   limestone   water�察  �into   a   paste   of   breccia   just   like   this   in   my   drawer。 

But the bones of the savages themselves you would seldom or never find 

mixed in itunless some one had fallen in by accident from above。                     And 

why�拭     。�For there is a Why�拭�to that question�此            �and not merely a How�殖� 

Simply because they were men�察�and because God has put into the hearts of 

all men�察�even of the lowest savages�察�some sort of reverence for those who 

are gone�察�and has taught them to bury�察�or in some other way take care of�察�

their bones。 

     But how is the swallow´hole sure to end in a cave�拭�

     Because it cannot help making a cave for itself if it has time。 

     Think�此    �and you will see that it must be so。           For that water must run 

somewhere�察  �and   so   it   eats   its   way   out   between   the   beds   of   the   rock�察�

making   underground   galleries�察  �and   at   last   caves   and   lofty   halls。   For   it 

always eats�察�remember�察�at the bottom of its channel�察�leaving the roof alone。 

So it eats�察�and eats�察�more in some places and less in others�察�according as 

the stone is harder or softer�察�and according to the different direction of the 

rock´ beds ��what we call their dip and strike���察�till at last it makes one of 

those wonderful caverns about which you are so fond of readingsuch a 

cave as there actually is in the rocks of the mountain of Whernside�察�fed by 

the swallow´holes around the mountain´top�察�a cave hundreds of yards long�察�

with halls�察�and lakes�察�and waterfalls�察�and curtains and festoons of stalactite 

which   have   dripped   from  the   roof�察  �and   pillars   of   stalagmite   which   have 

been   built   up   on   the   floor   below。 These   stalactites   ��those   tell   me   who 

have seen them�� are among the most beautiful of all Madam How's work�察�

sometimes   like   branches   of   roses   or   of   grapes�察  �sometimes   like   statues�察�

sometimes   like   delicate   curtains�察  �and   I   know   not   what   other   beautiful 

shapes。     I have never seen them�察�I am sorry to say�察�and therefore I cannot 

describe them。       But they are all made in the same way�察�just in the same 

way as those little straight stalactites which you may have seen hanging�察�

like icicles�察�in vaulted cellars�察�or under the arches of a bridge。              The water 

melts more lime than it can carry�察�and drops some of it again�察�making fresh 

limestone      grain   by   grain   as  it  drips  from    the   roof  above�察   �and   fresh 



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                                 MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



limestone   again   where   it   splashes   on   the   floor   below�此     �till   if   it   dripped 

long enough�察�the stalactite hanging from above would meet the stalagmite 

rising   from   below�察  �and   join   in   one   straight   round   white   graceful   shaft�察�

which would seem ��but only seem�� to support the roof of the cave。                         And 

out   of   that   cavethough   not   always   out   of   the   mouth   of   itwill   run   a 

stream of water�察�which seems to you clear as crystal�察�though it is actually�察�

like   the   Itchen   at Winchester�察 �full   of   lime�察  �so   full of   lime�察 �that   it   makes 

beds of fresh limestone�察�which are called travertinewhich you may see in 

Italy�察�and Greece�察�and Asia Minor�此             �or perhaps it petrifies�察�as you call it�察�

the weeds in its bed�察�like that dropping´well at Knaresborough�察�of which 

you have often seen a picture。           And the cause is this�此        �the water is so full 

of   lime�察  �that   it   is   forced   to   throw   away   some   of   it   upon   everything   it 

touches�察  �and   so   incrusts   with   stonethough   it   does   not   turn   to   stone 

almost   anything   you   put   in   it。    You   have   seen�察  �or   ought   to   have   seen�察�

petrified moss and birds' nests and such things from Knaresborough Well�此�

and now you know a little�察�though only a very little�察�of how the pretty toys 

are made。 

     Now   if   you   can   imagine   for   yourself   ��though   I   suppose   a   little   boy 

cannot�� the amount of lime which one of these subterranean rivers would 

carry away�察�gnawing underground centuries after centuries�察�day and night�察�

summer and winter�察�then you will not be surprised at the enormous size of 

caverns which may be seen in different parts of the worldbut always�察�I 

believe�察  �in    limestone     rock。   You   would       not   be  surprised   ��though      you 

would admire them�� at the caverns of Adelsberg�察�in Carniola ��in the south 

of Austria�察�near the top of the Adriatic���察�which runs�察�I believe�察�for miles in 

length�察�and in the lakes of which�察�in darkness from its birth until its death�察�

lives that strange beast�察�the Proteus a sort of long newt which never comes 

to perfectionI suppose   for want of   the genial sunlight   which makes   all 

things   grow。     But   he   is   blind�察  �and   more�察  �he   keeps   all   his   life   the   same 

feathery gills which newts have when they are babies�察�and which we have 

so often looked at through the microscope�察�to see the blood´globules run 

round and round inside。            You would not wonder�察�either�察�at the Czirknitz 

Lake�察  �near   the   same   place�察  �which   at   certain   times   of   the   year   vanishes 

suddenly through chasms under water�察�sucking the fish down with it�察�and 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



after a certain time boils suddenly up again from the depths�察�bringing back 

with it the   fish�察�who have   been swimming   comfortably all the   time in   a 

subterranean lake�察�and bringing back�察�too ��and�察�extraordinary as this story 

is�察�there is good reason to believe it true���察�live wild ducks who went down 

small and unfledged�察�and come back full´grown and fat�察�with water´ weeds 

and small fish in their stomachs�察�showing they have had plenty to feed on 

underground。        Butand this is the strangest part of the story�察�if truethey 

come up unfledged just as they went down�察�and are moreover blind from 

having been so long in darkness。            After a while�察�however�察�folks say their 

eyes get right�察�their feathers grow�察�and they fly away like other birds。 

     Neither would you be surprised ��if you recollect that Madam How is a 

very old lady indeed�察�and that some of her work is very old likewise�� at 

that   Mammoth   Cave   in   Kentucky�察  �the   largest   cave   in   the   known   world�察�

through   which   you   may   walk   nearly   ten   miles   on   end�察  �and   in   which   a 

hundred miles of gallery have been explored already�察�and yet no end found 

to   the   cave。  In   it   ��the   guides   will   tell   you��   there   are   ;226  

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