the wars of the jews-第49部分

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ders　in　age；　and　appointed　them　to　be　rulers　of　all　Galilee；　as　he　chose　seven　judges　in　every　city　to　hear　the　lesser　quarrels；　for　as　to　the　greater　causes；　and　those　wherein　life　and　death　were　concerned；　he　enjoined　they　should　be　brought　to　him　and　the　seventy　（33）　elders。

6。　Josephus　also；　when　he　had　settled　these　rules　for　determining　causes　by　the　law；　with　regard　to　the　people's　dealings　one　with　another；　betook　himself　to　make　provisions　for　their　safety　against　external　violence；　and　as　he　knew　the　Romans　would　fall　upon　Galilee；　he　built　walls　in　proper　places　about　Jotapata；　and　Bersabee；　and　Selamis；　and　besides　these；　about　Caphareccho；　and　Japha；　and　Sigo；　and　what　they　call　Mount　Tabor；　and　Tarichee；　and　Tiberias。　Moreover；　he　built　walls　about　the　caves　near　the　lake　of　Gennesar；　which　places　lay　in　the　Lower　Galilee；　the　same　he　did　to　the　places　of　Upper　Galilee；　as　well　as　to　the　rock　called　the　Rock　of　the　Achabari；　and　to　Seph；　and　Jamnith；　and　Meroth；　and　in　Gaulonitis　he　fortified　Seleucia；　and　Sogane；　and　Gamala；　but　as　to　those　of　Sepphoris；　they　were　the　only　people　to　whom　he　gave　leave　to　build　their　own　walls；　and　this　because　he　perceived　they　were　rich　and　wealthy；　and　ready　to　go　to　war；　without　standing　in　need　of　any　injunctions　for　that　purpose。　The　case　was　the　same　with　Gischala；　which　had　a　wall　built　about　it　by　John　the　son　of　Levi　himself；　but　with　the　consent　of　Josephus；　but　for　the　building　of　the　rest　of　the　fortresses；　he　labored　together　with　all　the　other　builders；　and　was　present　to　give　all　the　necessary　orders　for　that　purpose。　He　also　got　together　an　army　out　of　Galilee；　of　more　than　a　hundred　thousand　young　men；　all　of　which　he　armed　with　the　old　weapons　which　he　had　collected　together　and　prepared　for　them。

7。　And　when　he　had　considered　that　the　Roman　power　became　invincible；　chiefly　by　their　readiness　in　obeying　orders；　and　the　constant　exercise　of　their　arms；　he　despaired　of　teaching　these　his　men　the　use　of　their　arms；　which　was　to　be　obtained　by　experience；　but　observing　that　their　readiness　in　obeying　orders　was　owing　to　the　multitude　of　their　officers；　he　made　his　partitions　in　his　army　more　after　the　Roman　manner；　and　appointed　a　great　many　subalterns。　He　also　distributed　the　soldiers　into　various　classes；　whom　he　put　under　captains　of　tens；　and　captains　of　hundreds；　and　then　under　captains　of　thousands；　and　besides　these；　he　had　commanders　of　larger　bodies　of　men。　He　also　taught　them　to　give　the　signals　one　to　another；　and　to　call　and　recall　the　soldiers　by　the　trumpets；　how　to　expand　the　wings　of　an　army；　and　make　them　wheel　about；　and　when　one　wing　hath　had　success；　to　turn　again　and　assist　those　that　were　hard　set；　and　to　join　in　the　defense　of　what　had　most　suffered。　He　also　continually　instructed　them　ill　what　concerned　the　courage　of　the　soul；　and　the　hardiness　of　the　body；　and；　above　all；　he　exercised　them　for　war；　by　declaring　to　them　distinctly　the　good　order　of　the　Romans；　and　that　they　were　to　fight　with　men　who；　both　by　the　strength　of　their　bodies　and　courage　of　their　souls；　had　conquered　in　a　manner　the　whole　habitable　earth。　He　told　them　that　he　should　make　trial　of　the　good　order　they　would　observe　in　war；　even　before　it　came　to　any　battle；　in　case　they　would　abstain　from　the　crimes　they　used　to　indulge　themselves　in；　such　as　theft；　and　robbery；　and　rapine；　and　from　defrauding　their　own　countrymen；　and　never　to　esteem　the　harm　done　to　those　that　were　so　near　of　kin　to　them　to　be　any　advantage　to　themselves；　for　that　wars　are　then　managed　the　best　when　the　warriors　preserve　a　good　conscience；　but　that　such　as　are　ill　men　in　private　life　will　not　only　have　those　for　enemies　which　attack　them；　but　God　himself　also　for　their　antagonist。

8。　And　thus　did　he　continue　to　admonish　them。　Now　he　chose　for　the　war　such　an　army　as　was　sufficient；　i。e。　sixty　thousand　footmen；　and　two　hundred　and　fifty　horsemen；　（34）　and　besides　these；　on　which　he　put　the　greatest　trust；　there　were　about　four　thousand　five　hundred　mercenaries；　he　had　also　six　hundred　men　as　guards　of　his　body。　Now　the　cities　easily　maintained　the　rest　of　his　army；　excepting　the　mercenaries；　for　every　one　of　the　cities　enumerated　above　sent　out　half　their　men　to　the　army；　and　retained　the　other　half　at　home；　in　order　to　get　provisions　for　them；　insomuch　that　the　one　part　went　to　the　war；　and　the　other　part　to　their　work；　and　so　those　that　sent　out　their　corn　were　paid　for　it　by　those　that　were　in　arms；　by　that　security　which　they　enjoyed　from　them。

CHAPTER　21。

Concerning　John　Of　Gichala。　Josephus　Uses　Stratagems　Against　The　Plots　John　Laid　Against　Him　And　Recovers　Certain　Cities　Which　Had　Revolted　From　Him。

1。　Now　as　Josephus　was　thus　engaged　in　the　administration　of　the　affairs　of　Galilee；　there　arose　a　treacherous　person；　a　man　of　Gischala；　the　son　of　Levi；　〃whose　name　was　John。　His　character　was　that　of　a　very　cunning　and　very　knavish　person；　beyond　the　ordinary　rate　of　the　other　men　of　eminence　there；　and　for　wicked　practices　he　had　not　his　fellow　any　where。　Poor　he　was　at　first；　and　for　a　long　time　his　wants　were　a　hinderance　to　him　in　his　wicked　designs。　He　was　a　ready　liar；　and　yet　very　sharp　in　gaining　credit　to　his　fictions：　he　thought　it　a　point　of　virtue　to　delude　people；　and　would　delude　even　such　as　were　the　dearest　to　him。　He　was　a　hypocritical　pretender　to　humanity；　but　where　he　had　hopes　of　gain；　he　spared　not　the　shedding　of　blood：　his　desires　were　ever　carried　to　great　things；　and　he　encouraged　his　hopes　from　those　mean　wicked　tricks　which　he　was　the　author　of。　He　had　a　peculiar　knack　at　thieving；　but　in　some　time　he　got　certain　companions　in　his　impudent　practices；　at　first　they　were　but　few；　but　as　he　proceeded　on　in　his　evil　course；　they　became　still　more　and　more　numerous。　He　took　care　that　none　of　his　partners　should　be　easily　caught　in　their　rogueries；　but　chose　such　out　of　the　rest　as　had　the　strongest　constitutions　of　body；　and　the　greatest　courage　of　soul；　together　with　great　skill　in　martial　affairs；　as　he　got　together　a　band　of　four　hundred　men；　who　came　principally　out　of　the　country　of　Tyre；　and　were　vagabonds　that　had　run　away　from　its　villages；　and　by　the　means　of　these　he　laid　waste　all　Galilee；　and　irritated　a　considerable　number；　who　were　in　great　expectation　of　a　war　then　suddenly　to　arise　among　them。

2。　However；　John's　want　of　money　had　hitherto　restrained　him　in　his　ambition　after　command；　and　in　his　attempts　to　advance　himself。　But　when　he　saw　that　Josephus　was　highly　pleased　with　the　activity　of　his　temper；　he　persuaded　him；　in　the　first　place；　to　intrust　him　with　the　repairing　of　the　walls　of　his　native　city；　＇Gischala；＇　in　which　work　he　got　a　great　deal　of　money　from　the　rich　citizens。　He　after　that　contrived　a　very　shrewd　trick；　and　pretending　that　the　Jews　who　dwelt　in　Syria　were　obliged　to　make　use　of　oil　that　was　made　by　others　than　those　of　their　own　nation；　he　desired　leave　of　Josephus　to　send　oil　to　their　borders；　so　he　bought　four　amphorae　with　such　Tyrian　money　as　was　of　the　value　of　four　Attic　drachmae；　and　sold　every　half…amphora　at　the　same　price。　And　as　Galilee　was　very　fruitful　in　oil；　and　was　peculiarly　so　at　that　time；　by　sending　away　great　quantities；　and　having　the　sole　privilege　so　to　do；　he　gathered　an　immense　sum　of　money　together；　which　money　he　immediately　used　to　the　disadvantage　of　him　who　gave　him　that　privilege；　and；　as　he　supposed；　that　if　he　could　once　overthrow　Josephus；　he　should　himself　obtain　the　government　of　Galilee；　so　he　gave　orders　to　the　robbers　that　were　under　his　command　to　be　more　zealous　in　their　thievish　expeditions；　that　by　the　rise　of　many　that　desired　innovations　in　the　country；　he　might　either　catch　their　general　in　his　snares；　as　he　came　to　the　country's　assistance；　and　then　kill　him；　or　if　he　should　overlook　the　robbers；　he　might　accuse　him　for　his　negligence　to　the　people　of　the　country。　He　also　spread　abroad　a　report　far　and　near　that　Josephus　was　delivering　up　the　administration　of　affairs　to　the　Romans；　and　many　such　plots　did　he　lay；　in　order　to　ruin　him。

3。　Now　at　the　same　time　that　certain　young　men　of　the　village　Dabaritta；　who　kept　guard　in　the　Great　Plain　laid　snares　for　Ptolemy；　who　was　Agrippa's　and　Bernice's　steward；　and　took　from　him　all　that　he　had　with　him；　among　which　things　there　were　a　great　many　costly　garments；　and　no　small　number　of　silver　cups；　and　six　hundred　pieces　of　gold；　yet　were　they　not　able　to　conceal　what　they　had　stolen；　but　brought　it　all　to　Josephus；　to　Tarichee。　Hereupon　he　blamed　them　for　the　violence　they　had　offered　to　the　king　and　queen；　and　deposited　what　they　brought　to　him　with　Eneas；　the　most　potent　man　of　Taricheae；　with　an　intention　of　sending　the　things　back　to　the　owners　at　a　proper　time；　which　act　of　Josephus　brought　him　into　the　greatest　danger；　for　those　that　had　stolen　the　things　had　an　indignation　at　him；　both　because　they　gained　no　share　of　it　for　themselves；　and　because　they　perceived　beforehand　what　was　Josephus's　intention；　and　that　he　would　freely　deliver　up　what　had　cost　them　so　much　pains　to　the　king　and　queen。　These　ran　away　by　night　to　their　several　villages；　and　declared　to　all　men　that　Josephus　was　going　to　betray　them：　they　also　raised　great　disorders　in　all　the　neighboring　cities；　insomuch　that　in　the　morning　a　hundred　thousand　armed　men　came　running　together；　which　multitude　was　crowded　together　in　the　hippodrome　at　Taricheae；　and　made　a　very　peevish　clamor　against　him；　while　some　cried　out；　that　they　should　depose　the　traitor；　and　others；　that　they　should　burn　him。　Now　John　irritated　a　great　many；　as　did　also　one　Jesus；　the　son　of　Sapphias；　who　was　then　governor　of　Tiberias。　Then　it　was　that　Josephus's　friends；　and　the　guards　of　his　body；　were　so　affrighted　at　this　violent　assault　of　the　multitude；　that　they　all　fled　away　but　four；　and　as　he　was　asleep；　they　awaked　him；　as　the　people　were　going　to　set　fire　to　the　house。　And　although　those　four　that　remained　with　him　persuaded　him　to　run　away；　he　was　neither　surprised　at　his　being　himself　deserted；　nor　at　the　great　multitude　that　came　against　him；　but　leaped　out　to　them　with　his　clothes　rent；　and　ashes　sprinkled　on　his　head；　with　his　hands　behind　him；　and　his　sword　hanging　at　his　n