lay morals-第22部分
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。 AMIS LECTEURS； this is a painful topic。 It is possible that we too； we； the 'potent； grave； and reverend' editor； may have suffered these things； and drunk as deep as any of the cup of shameful failure。 Let us dwell no longer on so delicate a subject。
In spite； however； of these disagreeables； I should recommend any student to suffer them with Spartan courage； as the benefits he receives should repay him an hundredfold for them all。 The life of the debating society is a handy antidote to the life of the classroom and quadrangle。 Nothing could be conceived more excellent as a weapon against many of those PECCANT HUMOURS that we have been railing against in the jeremiad of our last 'College Paper' … particularly in the field of intellect。 It is a sad sight to see our heather… scented students； our boys of seventeen； coming up to College with determined views … ROUES in speculation … having gauged the vanity of philosophy or learned to shun it as the middle… man of heresy … a company of determined； deliberate opinionists； not to be moved by all the sleights of logic。 What have such men to do with study？ If their minds are made up irrevocably； why burn the 'studious lamp' in search of further confirmation？ Every set opinion I hear a student deliver I feel a certain lowering of my regard。 He who studies； he who is yet employed in groping for his premises； should keep his mind fluent and sensitive； keen to mark flaws； and willing to surrender untenable positions。 He should keep himself teachable； or cease the expensive farce of being taught。 It is to further this docile spirit that we desire to press the claims of debating societies。 It is as a means of melting down this museum of premature petrifactions into living and impressionable soul that we insist on their utility。 If we could once prevail on our students to feel no shame in avowing an uncertain attitude towards any subject； if we could teach them that it was unnecessary for every lad to have his OPINIONETTE on every topic； we should have gone a far way towards bracing the intellectual tone of the coming race of thinkers； and this it is which debating societies are so well fitted to perform。
We there meet people of every shade of opinion； and make friends with them。 We are taught to rail against a man the whole session through； and then hob…a…nob with him at the concluding entertainment。 We find men of talent far exceeding our own； whose conclusions are widely different from ours； and we are thus taught to distrust ourselves。 But the best means of all towards catholicity is that wholesome rule which some folk are most inclined to condemn … I mean the law of OBLIGED SPEECHES。 Your senior member commands； and you must take the affirmative or the negative； just as suits his best convenience。 This tends to the most perfect liberality。 It is no good hearing the arguments of an opponent； for in good verity you rarely follow them； and even if you do take the trouble to listen； it is merely in a captious search for weaknesses。 This is proved； I fear； in every debate； when you hear each speaker arguing out his own prepared SPECIALITE （he never intended speaking； of course； until some remarks of； etc。）； arguing out； I say； his own COACHED…UP subject without the least attention to what has gone before； as utterly at sea about the drift of his adversary's speech as Panurge when he argued with Thaumaste； and merely linking his own prelection to the last by a few flippant criticisms。 Now； as the rule stands； you are saddled with the side you disapprove； and so you are forced； by regard for your own fame； to argue out； to feel with； to elaborate completely； the case as it stands against yourself； and what a fund of wisdom do you not turn up in this idle digging of the vineyard！ How many new difficulties take form before your eyes？ how many superannuated arguments cripple finally into limbo； under the glance of your enforced eclecticism！
Nor is this the only merit of Debating Societies。 They tend also to foster taste； and to promote friendship between University men。 This last； as we have had occasion before to say； is the great requirement of our student life； and it will therefore be no waste of time if we devote a paragraph to this subject in its connection with Debating Societies。 At present they partake too much of the nature of a CLIQUE。 Friends propose friends； and mutual friends second them； until the society degenerates into a sort of family party。 You may confirm old acquaintances； but you can rarely make new ones。 You find yourself in the atmosphere of your own daily intercourse。 Now； this is an unfortunate circumstance； which it seems to me might readily be rectified。 Our Principal has shown himself so friendly towards all College improvements that I cherish the hope of seeing shortly realised a certain suggestion； which is not a new one with me； and which must often have been proposed and canvassed heretofore … I mean； a real UNIVERSITY DEBATING SOCIETY； patronised by the Senatus； presided over by the Professors； to which every one might gain ready admittance on sight of his matriculation ticket； where it would be a favour and not a necessity to speak； and where the obscure student might have another object for attendance besides the mere desire to save his fines： to wit； the chance of drawing on himself the favourable consideration of his teachers。 This would be merely following in the good tendency； which has been so noticeable during all this session； to increase and multiply student societies and clubs of every sort。 Nor would it be a matter of much difficulty。 The united societies would form a nucleus： one of the class…rooms at first； and perhaps afterwards the great hall above the library； might be the place of meeting。 There would be no want of attendance or enthusiasm； I am sure； for it is a very different thing to speak under the bushel of a private club on the one hand； and； on the other； in a public place； where a happy period or a subtle argument may do the speaker permanent service in after life。 Such a club might end； perhaps； by rivalling the 'Union' at Cambridge or the 'Union' at Oxford。
COLLEGE PAPERS CHAPTER IV … THE PHILOSOPHY OF UMBRELLAS （1）
IT is wonderful to think what a turn has been given to our whole Society by the fact that we live under the sign of Aquarius … that our climate is essentially wet。 A mere arbitrary distinction； like the walking…swords of yore； might have remained the symbol of foresight and respectability； had not the raw mists and dropping showers of our island pointed the inclination of Society to another exponent of those virtues。 A ribbon of the Legion of Honour or a string of medals may prove a person's courage； a title may prove his birth； a professorial chair his study and acquirement； but it is the habitual carriage of the umbrella that is the stamp of Respectability。 The umbrella has become the acknowledged index of social position。
Robinson Crusoe presents us with a touching instance of the hankering after them inherent in the civilised and educated mind。 To the superficial； the hot suns of Juan Fernandez may sufficiently account for his quaint choice of a luxury； but surely one who had borne the hard labour of a seaman under the tropics for all these years could have supported an excursion after goats or a peaceful CONSTITUTIONAL arm in arm with the nude Friday。 No； it was not this： the memory of a vanished respectability called for some outward manifestation； and the result was … an umbrella。 A pious castaway might have rigged up a belfry and solaced his Sunday mornings with the mimicry of church…bells； but Crusoe was rather a moralist than a pietist； and his leaf…umbrella is as fine an example of the civilised mind striving to express itself under adverse circumstances as we have ever met with。
It is not for nothing； either； that the umbrella has become the very foremost badge of modern civilisation … the Urim and Thummim of respectability。 Its pregnant symbolism has taken its rise in the most natural manner。 Consider； for a moment； when umbrellas were first introduced into this country； what manner of men would use them； and what class would adhere to the useless but ornamental cane。 The first； without doubt； would be the hypochondriacal； out of solicitude for their health； or the frugal； out of care for their raiment； the second； it is equally plain； would include the fop； the fool； and the Bobadil。 Any one acquainted with the growth of Society； and knowing out of what small seeds of cause are produced great revolutions； and wholly new conditions of intercourse； sees from this simple thought how the carriage of an umbrella came to indicate frugality； judicious regard for bodily welfare； and scorn for mere outward adornment； and； in one word； all those homely and solid virtues implied in the term RESPECTABILITY。 Not that the umbrella's costliness has nothing to do with its great influence。 Its possession； besides symbolising （as we have already indicated） the change from wild Esau to plain Jacob dwelling in tents； implies a certain comfortable provision of fortune。 It is not every one that can expose twenty…six shillings' worth of property to so many chances of loss and theft。 So strongly do we feel on this point； indeed； that we are almost inclined to consider all who possess really well…conditioned umbrellas as worthy of the Franchise。 They have a qualification standing in their lobbies； they carry a sufficient stake in the common…weal below their arm。 One who bears with him an umbrella … such a complicated structure of whalebone； of silk； and of cane； that it becomes a very microcosm of modern industry … is necessarily a man of peace。 A half…crown cane may be applied to an offender's head on a very moderate provocation； but a six…and…twenty shilling silk is a possession too precious to be adventured in the shock of war。
These are but a few glances at how umbrellas （in the general） came to their present high estate。 But the true Umbrella… Philosopher meets with far stranger applications as h
