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the book of tea(画慕)-及7何蛍

弌傍�� the book of tea(画慕) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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bamboo seems scarcely worthy to be ranked as architecture。 It is but quite 

recently that a competent student of Western architecture has recognised 

and paid tribute to the remarkable perfection of our great temples。                   Such 

being the case as regards         our classic architecture�察�we could hardly expect 

the outsider to appreciate the subtle beauty of the tea´room�察�its principles 

of    construction and decoration being entirely different from those of the 

West。 

     The tea´room ��the Sukiya�� does not pretend to be other than a                    mere 

cottagea   straw   hut�察  �as   we   call   it。 The  original   ideographs   for   Sukiya 

mean   the Abode   of   Fancy。       Latterly   the   various   tea´masters   substituted 

various Chinese characters according to their conception of the tea´room�察�

and the term Sukiya may signify the Abode of Vacancy or the Abode of 

the Unsymmetrical。 It is an Abode of Fancy inasmuch as it is an ephemeral 

structure   built   to   house   a   poetic   impulse。   It   is   an   Abode   of   Vacancy 

inasmuch as it is devoid of ornamentation except for what may                   be placed 

in it to satisfy some aesthetic need of the moment。 It is an Abode of the 

Unsymmetrical         inasmuch     as   it  is  consecrated    to  the   worship     of  the 

Imperfect�察 �purposely  leaving some   thing           unfinished   for  the  play  of   the 

imagination to complete。          The     ideals of Teaism have since the sixteenth 

century     influenced     our   architecture    to  such    degree    that  the   ordinary 

Japanese interior of the present day�察�on account of the extreme simplicity 

and     chasteness      of   its  scheme     of  decoration�察    �appears    to   foreigners 

almost barren。 

     The    first  independent     tea´room   was     the  creation    of  Senno´Soyeki�察�

commonly   known   by   his   later   name   of   Rikiu�察  �the   greatest   of   all   tea´ 

masters�察  �who�察    �in  the   sixteenth   century�察  �under   the   patronage     of  Taiko´ 

Hideyoshi�察     �instituted    and   brought     to  a  high    state  of   perfection    the 

formalities   of   the   Tea´ceremony。       The   proportions   of   the   tea´room   had 

been previously determined by Jowoa famous tea´master of the fifteenth 



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century。     The early tea´room consisted merely of a portion of the ordinary 

drawing´room         partitioned    off  by   screens    for  the   purpose    of   the  tea´ 

gathering。 The portion partitioned off was called the Kakoi ��enclosure���察�a 

name still applied to those tea´rooms which are built into a house and are 

not    independent      constructions。     The     Sukiya    consists    of  the   tea´room 

proper�察  �designed   to   accomodate   not   more   than   five      persons�察  �a   number 

suggestive of the saying ;more than the Graces and less than the Muses�察─�

an   anteroom   ��midsuya��   where   the   tea   utensils   are   washed   and   arranged 

before   being   brought   in�察  �a   portico   ��machiai��   in   which   the   guests   wait 

until they receive the        summons to enter the tea´room�察�and a garden path 

��the roji�� which       connects the machiai with the tea´room。              The tea´room 

is unimpressive in appearance。           It is smaller than the smallest of Japanese 

houses�察�while the materials used in its construction are intended to give the 

suggestion of refined poverty。           Yet we must remember that all this is the 

result   of   profound   artistic    forethought�察  �and   that   the   details   have   been 

worked   out   with   care   perhaps   even   greater   than   that   expended   on   the 

building   of   the   richest   palaces   and   temples。    A  good   tea´room   is   more 

costly than an ordinary mansion�察�for the selection of its materials�察�as well 

as   its   workmanship�察  �requires   immense   care   and   precision。         Indeed�察  �the 

carpenters      employed      by   the   tea´masters     form    a  distinct   and    highly 

honoured class among artisans�察�their work being no less delicate than that 

of the makers of lacquer cabinets。 

     The   tea´room   is   not   only   different   from   any   production   of   Western 

architecture�察�but also   contrasts strongly  with the   classical architecture   of 

Japan itself。     Our ancient noble edifices�察�whether secular or ecclesiastical�察�

were not to be        despised even as regards their mere size。              The few that 

have   been   spared   in   the   disastrous   conflagrations   of   centuries   are   still 

capable of aweing us by the grandeur and richness                   of their decoration。 

Huge pillars of wood from two to three               feet in diameter and from thirty 

to   forty  feet   high�察  �supported�察  �by  a   complicated   network   of   brackets�察  �the 

enormous beams which groaned under the weight of the tile´covered roofs。 

The material and mode of construction�察�though weak against fire�察�proved 

itself   strong   against    earthquakes�察    �and   was   well   suited   to  the   climatic 

conditions of the country。         In the Golden Hall of Horiuji and the Pagoda 



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of   Yakushiji�察   �we   have    noteworthy     examples     of  the  durability    of  our 

wooden   architecture。       These   buildings   have   practically   stood   intact   for 

nearly twelve centuries。        The interior of the old temples and palaces was 

profusely decorated。        In the Hoodo temple at Uji�察�dating from the tenth 

century�察  �we   can   still   see   the   elaborate   canopy   and gilded   baldachinos�察�

many´coloured   and   inlaid   with   mirrors   and   mother´of´pearl�察  �as   well   as 

remains of the paintings and         sculpture which formerly covered the walls。 

Later�察�at Nikko and in the Nijo castle in Kyoto�察�we see structural beauty 

sacrificed   to   a   wealth   of   ornamentation   which   in   colour   and   exquisite 

detail equals the utmost gorgeousness of Arabian or Moorish effort。 

     The simplicity and purism of the tea´room resulted from emulation of 

the    Zen   monastery。      A    Zen   monastery      differs  from    those   of   other 

Buddhist sects inasmuch as it is meant only to be a dwelling place for the 

monks。      Its chapel is not a place of worship or pilgrimage�察�but a college 

room   where   the   students   congregate   for   discussion   and   the   practice   of 

meditation。      The    room    is  bare  except    for  a  central  alcove    in  which�察�

behind the altar�察�is a statue of Bodhi Dharma�察�the founder of the sect�察�or of 

Sakyamuni       attended    by   Kaphiapa     and   Ananda�察    �the   two   earliest  Zen 

patriarchs。 On the altar�察�flowers and incense are offered up in the memory 

of   the  great   contributions    which    these  sages   made   to   Zen。    We    have 

already     said  that   it  was   the  ritual   instituted   by  the   Zen   monks     of 

successively drinking tea out of a bowl before the image of Bodhi Dharma�察�

which laid   the  foundations of  the  tea´ceremony。 We   might   add   here  that 

the altar of the Zen chapel was the prototype of the Tokonoma��the place 

of honour in a Japanese room where paintings and flowers are placed for 

the edification of the guests。 

     All   our   great  tea´masters     were   students   of   Zen   and   attempted    to 

introduce the spirit of Zennism into the actualities of life。 Thus the room�察�

like the other   equipments of   the tea´ceremony�察 �reflects   many  of   the   Zen 

doctrines。     The size of the orthodox tea´room�察�which is four mats and a 

half�察  �or  ten  feet   square�察  �is  determined    by   a  passage    in  the  Sutra   of 

Vikramadytia。 In that interesting work�察�Vikramadytia welcomes the Saint 

Manjushiri and eighty´four thousand disciples of Buddha in a room of this 

size��an allegory based on the theory of the non´existence of space to the 



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truly enlightened。        Again the roji�察�the garden path which leads from the 

machiai      to  the   tea´room�察    �signified    the   first  stage    of  meditation��the 

passage into self´illumination。           The roji was intended to break connection 

with the outside world�察�and produce a fresh sensation conducive to the full 

enjoyment of aestheticism  in the tea´room  itself。                One who has   trodden 

this garden path cannot fail to remember how his spirit�察�as he walked in 

the   twilight   of   evergreens   over   the   regular   irregularities   of   the   stepping 

stones�察�beneath which lay dried pine needles�察�and passed beside the moss´ 

covered granite lanterns�察�became uplifted above ordinary thoughts。                         One 

may be in the midst of a city�察�and yet feel as if he were in the forest far 

away   from   the      dust   and   din   of   civilisation。   Great   was   the     ingenuity 

displayed   by   the   tea´masters   in   producing   these   effects   of   serenity   and 

purity。    The nature of the sensations to be aroused in passing through the 

roji differed with different tea´masters。             Some�察�like Rikiu�察�aimed at utter 

loneliness�察�and claimed   the secret of   making a roji   was contained in the 

ancient ditty�此   �I   look   beyond��/Flowers   are not��/Nor   tinted leaves。/On   the 

sea   beach/   A   solitary   cottage   stands/In   the   waning   light/Of   an   autumn 

eve。; 

     Others�察�like Kobori´Enshiu�察�sought for a different effect。 Enshiu said 

the idea  of the  garden path was   to   be found   in the following   verses�此 �

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��

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