the expression of emotion in man and animals-第30部分
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along accustomed channels； even a moderate compression of the eyeballs and a moderate distension of the ocular vessels would ultimately come； through habit； to act on the glands。 We have an analogous case in the orbicular muscles being almost always contracted in some slight degree； even during a gentle crying…fit； when there can be no distension of the vessels and no uncomfortable sensation excited within the eyes。
Moreover； when complex actions or movements have long been performed in strict association together； and these are from any cause at first voluntarily and afterwards habitually checked； then if the proper exciting conditions occur； any part of the action or movement which is least under the control of the will； will often still be involuntarily performed。 The secretion by a gland is remarkably free from the influence of the will； therefore； when with the advancing age of the individual； or with the advancing culture of the race； the habit of crying out or screaming is restrained； and there is consequently no distension of the blood…vessels of the eye； it may nevertheless well happen that tears should still be secreted。 We may see； as lately remarked； the muscles round the eyes of a person who reads a pathetic story； twitching or trembling in so slight a degree as hardly to be detected。 In this case there has been no screaming and no distension of the blood…vessels； yet through habit certain nerve…cells send a small amount of nerve…force to the cells commanding the muscles round the eyes； and they likewise send some to the cells commanding the lacrymal glands； for the eyes often become at the same time just moistened with tears。 If the twitching of the muscles round the eyes and the secretion of tears had been completely prevented； nevertheless it is almost certain that there would have been some tendency to transmit nerve…force in these same directions； and as the lacrymal glands are remarkably free from the control of the will； they would be eminently liable still to act； thus betraying； though there were no other outward signs； the pathetic thoughts which were passing through the person's mind。
As a further illustration of the view here advanced； I may remark that if； during an early period of life； when habits of all kinds are readily established； our infants； when pleased； had been accustomed to utter loud peals of laughter （during which the vessels of their eyes are distended） as often and as continuously as they have yielded when distressed to screaming…fits； then it is probable that in after life tears would have been as copiously and as regularly secreted under the one state of mind as under the other。 Gentle laughter； or a smile； or even a pleasing thought； would have sufficed to cause a moderate secretion of tears。 There does indeed exist an evident tendency in this direction； as will be seen in a future chapter； when we treat of the tender feelings。 With the Sandwich Islanders； according to Freycinet；＇24＇ tears are actually recognized as a sign of happiness； but we should require better evidence on this head than that of a passing voyager。 So again if our infants； during many generations； and each of them during several years； had almost daily suffered from prolonged choking…fits； during which the vessels of the eye are distended and tears copiously secreted； then it is probable； such is the force of associated habit； that during after life the mere thought of a choke； without any distress of mind； would have sufficed to bring tears into our eyes。
To sum up this chapter； weeping is probably the result of some such chain of events as follows。 Children； when wanting food or suffering in any way； cry out loudly； like the young of most other animals； partly as a call to their parents for aid； and partly from any great exertion serving relief。 Prolonged screaming inevitably leads to the gorging of the blood…vessels of the eye； and this will have led； at first consciously and at last habitually； to the contraction of the muscles round the eyes in order to protect them。 At the same time the spasmodic pressure on the surface of the eye； and the distension of the vessels within the eye； without necessarily entailing any conscious sensation； will have affected； through reflex action； the lacrymal glands。 Finally； through the three principles of nerve…force readily passing along accustomed channelsof association； which is so widely extended in its powerand of certain actions； being more under the control of the will than othersit has come to pass that suffering readily causes the secretion of tears； without being necessarily accompanied by any other action。
＇24＇ Quoted by Sir J。 Lubbock； ‘Prehistoric Times；' 1865； p。 458。
Although in accordance with this view we must look at weeping as an incidental result； as purposeless as the secretion of tears from a blow outside the eye； or as a sneeze from the retina being affected by a bright light； yet this does not present any difficulty in our understanding how the secretion of tears serves as a relief to suffering。 And by as much as the weeping is more violent or hysterical； by so much will the relief be greater； on the same principle that the writhing of the whole body； the grinding of the teeth； and the uttering of piercing shrieks； all give relief under an agony of pain。 CHAPTER VII。
LOW SPIRITS； ANXIETY； GRIEF； DEJECTION； DESPAIR。
General effect of grief on the systemObliquity of the eyebrows under sufferingOn the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows On the depression of the corners of the mouth。
AFTER the mind has suffered from an acute paroxysm of grief； and the cause still continues； we fall into a state of low spirits； or we may be utterly cast down and dejected。 Prolonged bodily pain； if not amounting to an agony； generally leads to the same state of mind。 If we expect to suffer； we are anxious； if we have no hope of relief； we despair。
Persons suffering from excessive grief often seek relief by violent and almost frantic movements； as described in a former chapter； but when their suffering is somewhat mitigated； yet prolonged； they no longer wish for action； but remain motionless and passive； or may occasionally rock themselves to and fro。 The circulation becomes languid； the face pale； the muscles flaccid； the eyelids droop； the head hangs on the contracted chest； the lips； checks； and lower jaw all sink downwards from their own weight。 Hence all the features are lengthened； and the face of a person who hears bad news is said to fall。 A party of natives in Tierra del Fuego endeavoured to explain to us that their friend； the captain of a sealing vessel； was out of spirits； by pulling down their cheeks with both hands； so as to make their faces as long as possible。 Mr。 Bunnet informs me that the Australian aborigines when out of spirits have a chop…fallen appearance。 After prolonged suffering the eyes become dull and lack expression； and are often slightly suffused with tears。 The eyebrows not rarely are rendered oblique； which is due to their inner ends being raised。 This produces peculiarly…formed wrinkles on the forehead； which are very different from those of a simple frown； though in some cases a frown alone may be present。 The corners of the mouth are drawn downwards； which is so universally recognized as a sign of being out of spirits； that it is almost proverbial。
The breathing becomes slow and feeble； and is often interrupted by deep sighs。 As Gratiolet remarks； whenever our attention is long concentrated on any subject； we forget to breathe； and then relieve ourselves by a deep inspiration； but the sighs of a sorrowful person； owing to his slow respiration and languid circulation； are eminently characteristic。＇1＇ As the grief of a person in this state occasionally recurs and increases into a paroxysm； spasms affect the respiratory muscles； and he feels as if something； the so…called _globus hystericus_； was rising in his throat。 These spasmodic movements are clearly allied to the sobbing of children； and are remnants of those severer spasms which occur when a person is said to choke from excessive grief。＇2＇
＇1＇ The above descriptive remarks are taken in part from my own observations； but chiefly from Gratiolet （‘De la Physionomie；' pp。 53； 337； on Sighing； 232）； who has well treated this whole subject。 See； also； Huschke。 ‘Mimices et Physiognomices； Fragmentum Physiologicitim；' 1821； p。 21。 On the dulness of the eyes； Dr。 Piderit； ‘Mimik und Physiognomik；' 1867； s。 65。
＇2＇ On the action of grief on the organs of respiration；
_Obliquity of the eyebrows_。Two points alone in the above description require further elucidation； and these are very curious ones； namely； the raising of the inner ends of the eyebrows； and the drawing down of the corners of the mouth。 With respect to the eyebrows； they may occasionally be seen to assume an oblique position in persons suffering from deep dejection or anxiety； for instance； I have observed this movement in a mother whilst speaking about her sick son； and it is sometimes excited by quite trifling or momentary causes of real or pretended distress。 The eyebrows assume this position owing to the contraction of certain muscles （namely； the orbiculars； corrugators； and pyramidals of the nose； which together tend to lower and contract the eyebrows） being partially checked by the more powerful action of the central fascim of the frontal muscle。 These latter fasciae by their contraction raise the inner ends alone of the eyebrows； and as the corrugators at the same time draw the eyebrows together； their inner ends become puckered into a fold or lump。 This fold is a highly characteristic point in the appearance of the eyebrows when rendered oblique； as may be seen in figs。 2 and 5； Plate II。 The eyebrows are at the same time somewhat roughened； owing to the hairs being made to project。 Dr。 J。 Crichton Browne has also often noticed in melancholic patients who keep their eyebrows persistently oblique； 〃a peculiar acute arching of the upper eyelid。〃 A trace of this may be observed by comparing the right and left eyelids of the young man in the photograph （fig。 2； Plate II。）； for he was not able to act equally on both eyebrows。 This is also shown by the unequal furrows on the t
