the expression of emotion in man and animals-第39部分
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contraction of the other muscles round the eyes。 When an infant is uncomfortable or unwell； little frownsas I record in my notesmay be seen incessantly passing like shadows over its face； these being generally； but not always； followed sooner or later by a crying…fit。 For instance； I watched for some time a baby； between seven and eight weeks old； sucking some milk which was cold； and therefore displeasing to him； and a steady little frown was maintained all the time。 This was never developed into an actual crying…fit； though occasionally every stage of close approach could be observed。
As the habit of contracting the brows has been followed by infants during innumerable generations； at the commencement of every crying or screaming fit； it has become firmly associated with the incipient sense of something distressing or disagreeable。 Hence under similar circumstances it would be apt to be continued during maturity； although never then developed into a crying…fit。 Screaming or weeping begins to be voluntarily restrained at an early period of life； whereas frowning is hardly ever restrained at any age。 It is perhaps worth notice that with children much given to weeping； anything which perplexes their minds； and which would cause most other children merely to frown； readily makes them weep。 So with certain classes of the insane； any effort of mind； however slight； which with an habitual frowner would cause a slight frown； leads to their weeping in an unrestrained manner。 It is not more surprising that the habit of contracting the brows at the first perception of something distressing； although gained during infancy； should be retained during the rest of our lives； than that many other associated habits acquired at an early age should be permanently retained both by man and the lower animals。 For instance； full…grown cats； when feeling warm and comfortable； often retain the habit of alternately protruding their fore…feet with extended toes； which habit they practised for a definite purpose whilst sucking their mothers。
Another and distinct cause has probably strengthened the habit of frowning； whenever the mind is intent on any subject and encounters some difficulty。 Vision is the most important of all the senses； and during primeval times the closest attention must have been incessantly： directed towards distant objects for the sake of obtaining prey and avoiding danger。 I remember being struck； whilst travelling in parts of South America； which were dangerous from the presence of Indians； how incessantly； yet as it appeared unconsciously； the half…wild Gauchos closely scanned the whole horizon。 Now； when any one with no covering on his head （as must have been aboriginally the case with mankind）； strives to the utmost to distinguish in broad daylight； and especially if the sky is bright； a distant object； he almost invariably contracts his brows to prevent the entrance of too much light； the lower eyelids； cheeks； and upper lip being at the same time raised； so as to lessen the orifice of the eyes。 I have purposely asked several persons； young and old； to look； under the above circumstances； at distant objects； making them believe that I only wished to test the power of their vision； and they all behaved in the manner just described。 Some of them； also； put their open； flat hands over their eyes to keep out the excess of light。 Gratiolet； after making some remarks to nearly the same effect；＇5＇ says； 〃Ce sont la des attitudes de vision difficile。〃 He concludes that the muscles round the eyes contract partly for the sake of excluding too much light （which appears to me the more important end）； and partly to prevent all rays striking the retina； except those which come direct from the object that is scrutinized。 Mr。 Bowman； whom I consulted on this point； thinks that the contraction of the surrounding muscles may； in addition； 〃partly sustain the consensual movements of the two eyes； by giving a firmer support while the globes are brought to binocular vision by their own proper muscles。〃
As the effort of viewing with care under a bright light a distant object is both difficult and irksome； and as this effort has been habitually accompanied； during numberless generations； by the contraction of the eyebrows； the habit of frowning will thus have been much strengthened； although it was originally practised during infancy from a quite independent cause； namely as the first step in the protection of the eyes during screaming。 There is； indeed； much analogy； as far as the state of the mind is concerned； between intently scrutinizing a distant object； and following out an obscure train of thought； or performing some little and troublesome mechanical work。 The belief that the habit of contracting the brows is continued when there is no need whatever to exclude too much light； receives support from the cases formerly alluded to； in which the eyebrows or eyelids are acted on under certain circumstances in a useless manner； from having been similarly used； under analogous circumstances； for a serviceable purpose。 For instance； we voluntarily close our eyes when we do not wish to see any object； and we are apt to close them； when we reject a proposition； as if we could not or would not see it； or when we think about something horrible。 We raise our eyebrows when we wish to see quickly all round us； and we often do the same； when we earnestly desire to remember something； acting as if we endeavoured to see it。
＇5＇ ‘De la Physionomie；' pp。 15； 144； 146。 Mr。 Herbert Spencer accounts for frowning exclusively by the habit of contracting the brows as a shade to the eyes in a bright light： see ‘Principles of Physiology；' 2nd edit。 1872； p。 546。
_Abstraction。 Meditation_。When a person is lost in thought with his mind absent； or； as it is sometimes said； 〃when he is in a brown study；〃 he does not frown； but his eyes appear vacant。 The lower eyelids are generally raised and wrinkled； in the same manner as when a short…sighted person tries to distinguish a distant object； and the upper orbicular muscles are at the same time slightly contracted。 The wrinkling of the lower eyelids under these circumstances has been observed with some savages； as by Mr。 Dyson Lacy with the Australians of Queensland； and several times by Mr。 Geach with the Malays of the interior of Malacca。 What the meaning or cause of this action may be； cannot at present be explained； but here we have another instance of movement round the eyes in relation to the state of the mind。
The vacant expression of the eyes is very peculiar； and at once shows when a man is completely lost in thought。 Professor Donders has； with his usual kindness； investigated this subject for me。 He has observed others in this condition； and has been himself observed by Professor Engelmann。 The eyes are not then fixed on any object； and therefore not； as I had imagined； on some distant object。 The lines of vision of the two eyes even often become slightly divergent； the divergence； if the head be held vertically； with the plane of vision horizontal； amounting to an angle of 2'0 as a maximum。 This was ascertained by observing the crossed double image of a distant object。 When the head droops forward； as often occurs with a man absorbed in thought； owing to the general relaxation of his muscles； if the plane of vision be still horizontal； the eyes are necessarily a little turned upwards； and then the divergence is as much as 3'0； or 3'0 5'： if the eyes are turned still more upwards； it amounts to between 6'0 and 7'0。 Professor Donders attributes this divergence to the almost complete relaxation of certain muscles of the eyes； which would be apt to follow from the mind being wholly absorbed。＇6＇ The active condition of the muscles of the eyes is that of convergence； and Professor Donders remarks； as bearing on their divergence during a period of complete abstraction； that when one eye becomes blind； it almost always； after a short lapse of time； deviates outwards； for its muscles are no longer used in moving the eyeball inwards for the sake of binocular vision。
＇6＇ Gratiolet remarks （De la Phys。 p。 35）； 〃Quand l'attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure； l'oeil regarde dqns le vide et s'associe automatiquement a la contemplation de l'esprit。〃 But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation。
Perplexed reflection is often accompanied by certain movements or gestures。 At such times we commonly raise our hands to our foreheads； mouths； or chins； but we do not act thus； as far as I have seen； when we are quite lost in meditation； and no difficulty is encountered。 Plautus； describing in one of his plays＇7＇ a puzzled man； says； 〃Now look； he has pillared his chin upon his hand。〃 Even so trifling and apparently unmeaning a gesture as the raising of the hand to the face has been observed with some savages。 Al。 J。 Mansel Weale has seen it with the Kafirs of South Africa； and the native chief Gaika adds； that men then 〃sometimes pull their beards。〃 Mr。 Washington Matthews； who attended to some of the wildest tribes of Indians in the western regions of the United States； remarks that he has seen them when concentrating their thoughts； bring their 〃hands； usually the thumb and index finger； in contact with some part of the face； commonly the upper lip。〃 We can understand why the forehead should be pressed or rubbed； as deep thought tries the brain； but why the hand should be raised to the mouth or face is far from clear。
_Ill…temper_。We have seen that frowning is the natural expression of some difficulty encountered； or of something disagreeable experienced either in thought or action； and he whose mind is often and readily affected in this way； will be apt to be ill…tempered； or slightly angry； or peevish； and will commonly show it by frowning。 But a cross expression； due to a frown； may be counteracted； if the mouth appears sweet； from being habitually drawn into a smile； and the eyes are bright and cheerful。 So it will be if the eye is clear and steady； and there is the appearance of earnest reflection。 Frowning； with some depression of the corners of the mouth； which is a sign of grief； gives an air of peevishness。 If a child （see Plate IV。； fig。 2）＇8＇ frowns much whilst c
