essays-1-第6部分

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ing　offends　them　that　adheres　to　them；　and　irritates　them；and　through　by　long　habit　we　may　be　so　accustomed　to　support　a　physical　ill；　as　to　become　almost　insensible　to　it；　yet　it　never　leaves　the　mind　perfectly　at　peace。　There　always　remains　a　certain　uneasiness；　and　discontent；　an　indecision；　and　an　aversion　from　all　serious　application；　which　shows　evidently　that　the　mind　is　not　at　rest。

Those　who　from　being　afflicted　with　long　and　painful　disease；　suddenly　acquire　health；　are　best　able　to　judge　of　the　force　of　this　reasoning。　　It　is　by　the　delightful　sensation　they　feel；　at　being　relieved　from　pain　and　uneasiness；　that　they　learn　to　know　the　full　extent　of　their　former　misery；　and　the　human　heart　is　never　so　effectually　softened；　and　so　well　prepared　and　disposed　to　receive　virtuous　impressions；　as　upon　such　occasions。

It　was　with　a　view　to　bring　the　minds　of　the　poor　and　unfortunate　people　I　had　to　deal　with　to　this　state；　that　I　took　so　much　pains　to　make　them　comfortable　in　their　new　situation。　　The　state　in　which　they　had　been　used　to　live　was　certainly　most　wretched　and　deplorable；　but　they　had　been　so　long　accustomed　to　it；　that　they　were　grown　insensible　to　their　own　misery。　　It　was　therefore　necessary；　in　order　to　awaken　their　attention；　to　make　the　contrast　between　their　former　situation；　and　that　which　was　prepared　for　them；　as　striking　as　possible。　　To　this　end；　every　thing　was　done　that　could　be　devised　to　make　them　REALLY　COMFORTABLE。

Most　of　them　had　been　used　to　living　in　the　most　miserable　hovels；　in　the　midst　of　vermin；　and　every　kind　of　filthiness；　or　to　sleep　in　the　streets；　and　under　the　hedges；　half　naked；　and　exposed　to　all　the　inclemencies　of　the　seasons。　A　large　and　commodious　building；　fitted　up　in　the　neatest　and　most　comfortable　manner；　was　now　provided　for　their　reception。　In　this　agreeable　retreat　they　found　spacious　and　elegant　apartments；　kept　with　the　most　scrupulous　neatness；　well　warmed　in　winter；　well　lighted；　a　good　warm　dinner　every　day；　gratis；　cooked　and　served　up　with　all　possible　attention　to　order　and　cleanliness；　materials　and　utensils　for　those　who　required　instruction；the　most　generous　pay；　IN　MONEY；　for　all　the　labour　performed；　and　the　kindest　usage　from　every　person；　from　the　highest　　to　the　lowest；　belonging　to　the　establishment。　Here；　in　this　asylum　for　the　indigent　and　unfortunate；　　no　ill　usage；　no　harsh　language；　is　permitted。　During　five　years　that　the　establishment　has　existed；　not　a　blow　has　been　given　to　any　one；　not　even　to　a　child　by　his　instructor。

As　the　rules　and　regulations　for　the　preservation　of　order　are　few；　and　easy　to　be　observed；　the　instances　of　their　being　transgressed　are　rare；　and　as　all　the　labour　performed；　is　paid　for　by　the　piece；　and　not　by　the　day；　and　is　well　paid；　and　as　those　who　gain　the　most　by　their　work　in　the　course　of　the　week；　receive　proportional　rewards　on　the　Saturday　evening；　these　are　most　effectual　encouragements　to　industry。

But　before　I　proceed　to　give　an　account　of　the　internal　economy　of　this　establishment；　it　will　be　necessary　to　describe　the　building　which　was　appropriated　to　this　use；　and　the　other　local　circumstances；　necessary　to　be　known；　in　order　to　have　a　clear　idea　of　the　subject。

This　building；　which　is　very　extensive；　is　pleasantly　situated　in　the　Au；　one　of　the　suburbs　of　the　city　of　Munich。　　It　had　formerly　been　a　manufactory；　but　for　many　years　had　been　deserted　and　falling　to　ruins。　　It　was　now　completely　repaired；　and　in　part　rebuilt。　　A　large　kitchen；　with　a　large　eating…room　adjoining　it；　and　a　commodious　bake…house；　were　added　to　the　buildings；　and　such　other　mechanics　as　were　constantly　wanted　in　the　manufactory　for　making　and　repairing　the　machinery　were　established；　and　furnished　with　tools。　　Large　halls　were　fitted　up　for　spinners　of　hemp；for　spinners　of　flax；for　spinners　of　cotton；for　spinners　of　wool；and　for　spinners　of　worsted；　and　adjoining　to　each　hall　a　small　room　was　fitted　up　for　a　clerk　or　inspector　of　the　hall；　（spin…schreiber）。　　This　room；　which　was　at　the　same　time　a　store…room；　and　counting…house；　and　a　large　window　opening　into　the　hall；　from　whence　the　spinners　were　supplied　with　raw　materials；where　they　delivered　their　yarn　when　spun；and　from　whence　they　received　an　order　upon　the　cashier；　signed　by　the　clerk；　for　the　amount　of　their　labour。

Halls　were　likewise　fitted　up　for　weavers　of　woollens；　for　weavers　of　serges　and　shalloons；for　linen　weavers；　for　weavers　of　cotton　goods；　and　for　stocking　weavers；　cloth　shearers；dryers；sadlers；wool…combers；knitters；　sempstresses；　etc。　Magazines　were　fitted　up　as　well　for　finished　manufactures；　as　for　raw　materials；　and　rooms　for　counting…houses；　store…rooms　for　the　kitchen　and　bake…house；and　dwelling…rooms　for　the　inspectors　and　other　officers　who　were　lodged　in　the　house。

A　very　spacious　hall；　110　feet　long；　37　feet　wide；　and　22　feet　high；　with　many　windows　on　both　sides；　was　fitted　up　as　a　drying…room；　and　in　this　hall　tenters　were　placed　for　stretching　out　and　drying　eight　pieces　of　cloth　at　once。　　The　hall　was　so　contrived　as　to　serve　for　the　dyer　and　for　the　clothier　at　the　same　time。

A　fulling…mill　was　established　upon　a　stream　of　water　which　runs　by　one　side　of　the　court　round　　which　the　building　is　erected；　and　adjoining　to　the　　fulling…mill；　is　the　dyers…shop；　and　the　wash…house。

This　whole　edifice；　which　is　very　extensive；　was　fitted　up；　as　has　already　been　observed；　in　the　neatest　manner　possible。　In　doing　this；　even　the　external　appearance　of　the　building　was　attended　to。　　It　was　handsomely　painted；　without；　as　well　as　within；　and　pains　were　taken　to　give　it　an　air　of　ELEGANCE；　as　well　as　of　neatness　and　cleanliness。　　A　large　court　in　the　middle　of　the　building　was　levelled；　and　covered　with　gravel；　and　the　approach　to　it　from　every　side　was　made　easy　and　commodious。　Over　the　principal　door；　or　rather　gate；　which　fronts　the　street；　is　an　inscription；　denoting　the　use　to　which　the　building　is　appropriated；　and　the　passage　leading　into　the　court；　there　is　written　in　large　letters　of　gold　upon　a　black　ground　〃NO　ALMS　WILL　BE　RECEIVED　HERE。〃

Upon　coming　into　the　court　you　see　inscriptions　over　all　the　doors　upon　the　ground　floor；　leading　to　the　different　parts　of　the　building。　　These　inscriptions；　which　are　all　in　letters　of　gold　upon　a　black　ground；　denote　the　particular　uses　to　which　the　different　apartments　are　destined。

This　building　having　been　got　ready；　and　a　sufficient　number　of　spinning…wheels；　looms；　and　other　utensils　made　use　of　in　the　most　common　manufactures　being　provided；　together　with　a　sufficient　stock　of　raw　materials；　I　proceeded　to　carry　my　plan　into　execution　in　the　manner　which　will　be　related　in　the　following　Chapter。


CHAPTER。　IV。

　An　account　of　the　taking　up　of　the　beggars　at　Munich。　　The　inhabitants　are　called　upon　for　their　assistance。　　General　subscription　for　the　relief　and　support　of　the　poor。　　All　other　public　and　private　collections　for　the　poor　abolished。

New…Year's…Day　having；　from　time　immemorial；　been　considered　in　Bavaria　as　a　day　peculiarly　set　apart　for　giving　alms；　and　the　beggars　never　failing　to　be　all　out　upon　that　occasion；　I　chose　that　moment　as　being　the　most　favourable　for　beginning　my　operations。　　Early　in　the　morning　of　the　first　of　January　1790；　the　officers　and　non…commissioned　officers　of　the　three　regiments　of　infantry　in　garrison；　were　stationed　in　the　different　streets；　where　they　were　directed　to　wait　for　further　orders。

Having；　in　the　mean　time；　assembled；　at　my　lodgings；　the　field…officers；　and　all　the　chief　magistrates　of　the　town；　I　made　them　acquainted　with　my　intention　to　proceed　that　very　morning　to　the　execution　of　a　plan　I　had　formed　for　taking　up　the　beggars；　and　providing　for　the　poor；　and　asked　their　immediate　assistance。

To　show　the　public　that　it　was　not　my　wish　to　carry　this　measure　into　execution　by　military　force　alone；　（which　might　have　rendered　the　measure　odious；）　but　that　I　was　disposed　to　show　all　becoming　deference　to　the　civil　authority；　I　begged　the　magistrates　to　accompany　me；　and　the　field…officers　of　the　garrison；　in　the　execution　of　the　first　and　most　difficult　part　of　the　undertaking；　that　of　arresting　the　beggars。　　This　they　most　readily　consented　to；　and　we　immediately　sallied　out　into　the　street；　myself　accompanied　by　the　chief　magistrate　of　the　town；　and　each　of　the　field…officers　by　an　inferior　magistrate。

We　were　hardly　got　into　the　street　when　we　were　accosted　by　a　beggar；　who　asked　us　for　alms。　I　went　up　to　him；　and　laying　my　hand　gently　upon　his　shoulder；　told　him；　that　from　thenceforwards　begging　would　not　be　permitted　in　Munich；that　if　he　really　stood　in　need　of　assistance；　（which　would　immediately　be　enquired　into；）　the　necessary　assistance　should　certainly　be　given　him；　but　that　begging　was　forbidden；　and　if　he　was　detected　in　it　again　he　would　be　severely　punished。　　I　then　delivered　him　over　to　an　orderly　serjeant　who　was　following　me；　with　directions　to　conduct　him　to　the　Town…hall；　and　deliver　him　into　the　hands　of　those　he　should　find　there　to　receive　him；　and　then　turning　to　the　officers　and　magistrates　who　accompanied　me；　I　begged　they　would　take　notice；　that　I　had　myself；　WITH　MY　OWN　HANDS；　arrested　the　first　beggar　we　had　met；　and　I　requested　them　not　only　to　follow　my　example　themselves；　by　arresting　all　the　beggars　they　should　meet　with；　but　that　they　would　also　endeavour　to　persuade　others；　and　particularly　the　officers；　non…commissioned　officers；　and　soldiers　of　the　garrison；　that　it　was　by　no　means　derogatory　to　their　character　as　soldiers；　or　in　anywise　disgraceful　to　them；　to　assist　in　so　USEFUL　and　LAUDABLE　an　undertaking。　These　gentlemen　having　cheerfully　and　unanimously　promised　to　do　their　utmost　to　second　me　in　this　business；　dispersed　into　the　different　parts　of　the　town；　and　with　the　assistance　of　the　military；　which　they　found　every　where　waiting　for　orders；　the　town　was　so　thoroughly　cleared　of　beggars　IN　LESS　THAN　AN　HOUR；　that　not　one　was　to　be　found　in　the　streets。

Those　who　were　arrested　were　conducted　to　the　Town…hall；　where　their　names　were　inscribed　in　printed　lists　provided　for　that　purpose；　and　they　were　then　dismissed　to　their　own　lodgings；　with　directions　to　repair