the history of the common law of england-第11部分

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ompleat；　because　none　remains　to　call　it　in　　Question。　But　suppose　they　are　beaten　in　one　Battle；　may　they　not　　rally　again？　Or　if　the　greater　Part　be　subdued；　may　not　the　　lesser　keep　their　Ground？　Or　if　they　do　not　at　the　present；　may　　they　not　in　the　next　Age　regain　their　Liberty？　Or　if　they　be　　quiet　for　a　Time；　may　they　not　as　they　have　Opportunity；　renew　　their　Pretentions？　And　altho'　the　Victor；　by　his　Power；　be　able　　to　quell　and　suppress　them；　yet　he　is　beholden　to　his　Sword　for　　it；　and　the　Right　that　he　got　by　his　Victory　before；　would　not　be　　sufficient　without　a　Power　and　Force　to　establish　and　secure　him　　against　new　Troubles。　And　on　the　other　Side；　if　those　few　subdu'd　　Persons　can　by　Force　regain　what　they　once　had　a　Pretence　to；　a　　former　Victory　will　be　but　a　weak　Defence；　and　if　it　would；　they　　would　have　the　like　Pretence　to　a　Claim　of　Acquest　by　Victory　　over　him；　as　he　had　over　them。　　　　　　It　seems　therefore　a　difficult　Thing　to　determine　in　what　　indivisible　Moment　this　Victory　is　so　compleat；　that　Jure　Belli　　the　Acquest　of　Dominion　is　fully　gotten；　and　therefore　Victors　　use　to　secure　themselves　against　Disputes　of　that　Kind；　and　as　it　　were　to　under…pin　their　Acquest　Jure　Belli；　that　they　might　not　　be　lost　by　the　same　Means；　whereby　they　were　gained　by　the　　Continuation　of　eternal　Forces　of　Standing　Armies；　Castles；　　Garrisons；　Munitions；　and　other　Acts　of　Power　and　Force；　so　as　　thereby　to　over…bear　and　prevent　an　ordinary　Possibility　of　the　　Prevailing　of　the　conquered　or　subdued　People；　against　the　　Conqueror　or　Victor。　He　that　lays　the　Weight　of　his　Title　upon　　Victory　or　Conquest；　rarely　rests　in　it　as　a　compleat　Conquest；　　till　he　has　added　to　it　somewhat　of　Consent　or　Faith　of　the　　conquered；　submitting　voluntarily　to　him；　and　then；　and　not　till　　then；　he　thinks　his　Title　secure；　and　his　Conquest　compleat：　And　　indeed；　he　has　no　Reason　to　think　his　Title　can　be　otherwise　　secure；　for　where　the　Title　is　meerly　Force　or　Power；　his　Title　　will　fail；　if　the　conquered　can　with　like　Force　or　Power　　over…match　his；　and　to　regain　their　former　Interest　or　Dominion。　　　　　　Now　this　Consent　is　of　Two　Kinds；　either　Express'd；　or　　Imply'd。　An　express　Consent　is；　when　after　a　Victory　the　Party　　conquered　do　expresly　submit　themselves　to　the　Victors；　either　　simply　or　absolutely；　by　Dedition；　yielding　themselves；　giving　　him　their　Faith　and　their　Allegiance；　or　else　under　certain　　Pacts；　Conventions；　Agreements；　or　Capitulations；　as　when　the　　subdued　Party；　either　by　themselves；　or　by　Substitutes；　or　　Delegates　by　them　chosen；　do　yield　their　Faith　and　their　　Allegiance　to　the　Victor　upon　certain　Pacts　or　Agreements　between　　them；　as　for　holding　or　continuing　their　Religion；　their　Laws；　　their　Form　of　Civil　Administration；　&c。　　　　　　And　thus；　tho'　Force　were　perhaps　the　Occasion　of　this　　Consent；　yet　in　Truth　'tis　Consent　only　that　is　the　true　　proximate　and　fix'd　Foundation　of　the　Victor's　Right；　which　now　　no　longer　rests　barely　upon　external　Force；　but　upon　the　express　　Consent　and　Pact　of　the　subdu'd　People；　and　consequently　this　　Pact　or　Convention　is　that　which　is　to　be　the　immediate　　Foundation　of　that　Dominion；　and　upon　a　&iligent　Observation　of　　Most　Acquests　gotten　by　Conquest；　or　so　called；　we　shall　find　　this　to　be　the　Conclusion　of　almost　all　Victories；　they　end　in　　Deditions　and　Capitulations；　and　Faith　given　to　the　Conqueror；　　whereby　oftentimes　the　former　Laws；　Privileges；　and　Possessions　　are　confirmed　to　the　Subdued；　without　which　the　Victors　seldom　　continue　long　or　quiet　in　their　New　Acquests；　without　extream　　Expence；　Force；　Severity　and　Hazard。　　　　　　An　implied　Consent　is；　when　the　Subdued　do　continue　for　a　　long　Time　quiet　and　peaceable　under　the　Government　of　the　Victor；　　accepting　his　Government；　submitting　to　his　Laws；　taking　upon　　them　the　Offices　and　Employments　under　him；　and　obeying　and　　owning　him　as　their　Governor；　without　opposing　him；　or　claiming　　their　former　Right。　This　seems　to　be　a　tacit　Acceptance　of；　and　　Assent　to　him；　and　tho'　this　is　gradual；　and　possibly　no　　determinate　Time　is　stinted；　wherein　a　Man　can　say；　this　Year；　or　　this　Month；　or　this　Day；　such　a　tacit　Consent　was　compleated　and　　concluded：　For　Circumstances　may　make　great　Variations　in　the　　Sufficiency　of　the　Evidence　of　such　an　Assent；　yet　by　a　long　and　　quiet　Tract　of　peaceable　Submission　to　the　Laws　and　Government　of　　the　Victor；　Men　may　reasonably　conjecture；　that　the　conquered　　have　relinquished　their　Purpose　of　regaining　by　Force　what　by　　Force　they　lost。　　　　　　But　still　all　this　is　intended　of　a　lawful　Conquest　by　a　　Foreign　Prince　or　State；　and　not　an　Usurpation　by　a　Subject；　　either　upon　his　Prince　or　Fellow　Subject；　for　several　Ages　and　　Discents　do　not　purge　the　Unlawfulness　of　such　an　Usurpation。　　　　　　Secondly。　Concerning　the　several　Kinds　of　Conquests；　and　　their　Effects；　as　to　the　Alteration　of　Laws　by　the　Victor。　There　　seems　to　be　a　double　kind　of　Conquest；　which　induces　a　various　　Consideration　touching　the　Change　of　Laws；　viz。　Victoria　in　Regem　　&　Populum；　&　Victoria　in　Regem　tantum。　The　Conquest　over　the　　People　or　Country；　is　when　the　War　is　denounced　by　a　Prince　or　　State　Foreign；　and　no　Subject；　and　when　the　Intention　and　　Denunciation　of　the　War　is　against　the　King　and　People　or　　Country；　and　the　Pretention　of　Title　is　by　the　Sword；　or　Jure　　Belli；　such　were　most　of　the　Conquests　of　ancient　Monarchs；　viz。　　The　Assyrian；　Persian；　Graecian；　and　Roman　Conquests；　and　in　such　　Cases；　the　Acquisitions　of　the　Victor　were　absolute　and　　universal；　he　gain'd　the　Interest　and　Property　of　the　very　Soil　　of　the　Country　subdued；　which　the　Victor　might；　at　his　Pleasure；　　give；　fell　or　arrent：　He　gain'd　a　Power　of　abolishing　or　changing　　their　Laws　and　Customs；　and　of　giving　New；　or　of　imposing　the　Law　　of　the　Victor's　Country。　But　although　this　the　Conqueror　might　　do；　yet　a　Change　of　the　Laws　of　the　conquered　Country　was　rarely　　universally　made；　especially　by　the　Romans：　Who；　though　in　their　　own　particular　Colonies　planted　in　conquered　Countries；　they　　observed　the　Roman　Law；　which　possibly　might　by　Degrees；　without　　any　rigorous　Imposition；　gain　and　insinuate　themselves　into　the　　conquered　People；　and　so　gradually　obtain；　and　insensibly　conform　　them；　at　least　so　many　of　them　as　were　conterminous　to　the　　Colonies　and　Garrisons　to　the　Roman　Laws；　yet　they　rarely　made　a　　rigorous　and　universal　Change　of　the　Laws　of　the　conquered　　Country；　unless　they　were　such　as　were　foreign　and　barbarous；　or　　altogether　inconsistent　with　the　Victor's　Government：　But　in　　other　Things；　they　commonly　indulged　unto　the　conquered；　the　Laws　　and　Religion　of　their　Country　upon　a　double　Account；　viz。　　　　　　　　First。　On　Account　of　Humanity；　thinking　it　a　hard　and　　oversevere　Thing　to　impose　presently　upon　the　conquered　a　Change　　of　their　Customs；　which　long　Use　had　made　dear　to　them。　And；　　2dly。　Upon　the　Account　of　Prudence；　for　the　Romans　being　a　wise　　and　experienced　People；　found　that　those　Indulgences　made　their　　Conquests　the　more　easy；　and　their　Enjoyments　thereof　the　more　　firm；　when　as　a　rigorous　Change　of　the　Laws　and　Religion　of　the　　People　would　render　them　in　a　restless　and　unquiet　Condition；　and　　ready　to　lay　hold　of　any　Opportunity　of　Defection　or　Rebellion；　　to　regain　their　ancient　Laws　and　Religion；　which　ordinary　People　　count　most　dear　to　them；　（though　at　this　Day　the　Indulgence　of　a　　Paganish　Religion　is　not　used　to　be　allowed　by　any　Christian　　Victor；　as　is　observed　in　Calvin's　Case　in　the　Seventh　Report；）　　and　to　give　One　Instance　for　all；　it　was　upon　this　Account；　That　　though　the　Romans　had　wholly　subdued　Syria　and　Palestina；　yet　　they　allow'd　to　the　Inhabitants　the　Jews；　&c。　the　Use　of　their　　Religion　and　Laws；　so　far　forth　as　consisted　with　the　Safety　and　　Security　of　the　Victor's　Interest：　And　therefore；　though　they　　reserved　to　themselves　the　Cognizance　of　such　Causes　as　concern'd　　themselves；　their　Officers　or　Revenues；　and　such　Cases　as　might　　otherwise　disturb　the　Security　of　their　Empire；　as　Treasons；　　Insurrections；　and　the　like；　yet　'tis　evident　they　indulged　the　　People　of　the　Jews；　&c。　to　judge　by　their　own　Law；　not　only　of　　some　Criminal　Proceedings；　but　even　of　Capital　in　some　Cases；　as　　appears　by　the　History　of　the　Gospels；　and　Acts　of　the　Apostles。　　　　　　But　still　this　was　but　an　Indulgence；　and　therefore　was　　resumable　by　the　Victor；　unless　there　intervened　any　Capitulation　　between　the　Conqueror　and　the　Conquered　to　the　contrary。　which　　was　frequent；　especially　in　those　Cases；　when　it　was　not　a　　compleat　Conquest；　but　rather　a　Dedition　upon　Terms　and　　Capituiations；　agreed　between　the　Conqueror　and　the　Conquered；　　wherein　usually　the　yielding　Party　secured　to　themselves；　by　the　　Articles　of　their　Dedition；　the　Enjoyment　of　their　Laws　and　　Religion；　and　then　by　the　Laws　of　Nature　and　of　Nations；　both　　which　oblige　in　the　Observation　of　Faith　and　Promises；　those　　Terms　and　Capitulations；　were　to　be　observed。　Again；　2dly。　When　　after　a　full　Conquest；　the　conquered　People　resumed　so　much　　Courage　and　Power　as　began　to　put　them　into　a　Capacity　of　　regaining　their　former　Laws　and　Liberties。　This　commonly　was　the　　Occasion　of　Terms　and　Capitulations　between　the　Conquerors　and　　Conquered。　Again；　3dly。　When　by　long　Succession　of　Time；　the　　Conquered　had　either　been　incorporated　with　the　conquering　　People；　whereby　they　had　worn　out　the　very　Marks　and　　Discriminations　between　the　Conquerors　and　Conquered；　and　if　they　　continued　distinct；　yet　by　a　long　Prescription；　Usage　and　Custom；　　the　Laws　and　Rights　of　the　conquered　People　were　in　a　Manner　　settled；　and　the　long　Permission　of　the　Conquerors　amounted　to　a　　tacite　Concession　or　Capitulation；　for　the　Enjoyment　of　their　　Laws　and　Liberties。　　　　　　　　But　of　this　more　than　enough　is　said；　because　it　will　appear　　in　what　follows；　That　William　I　never　made　any　such　Conquest　of　　England。　　　　　　　　Secondly；　Therefore　I　come　to　the　Second　Kind　of　Conquest；　　viz。　That　which　is　only　Victoria　in　Regem：　And　this　is　where　the　　Conqueror　either　has　a　real　Right　to　the　Crown　or　chief　　Government　of　a　Kingdom；　or　at　least　has；　or　makes　some　Pretence　　of　Claim　thereunto；　and；　in　Pursuance　of　such　Claim；　raises　War；　　and　by　his　Forces　obtains　what　he　so　pretends　a　Title　to。　Now　　this