the history of the common law of england-第20部分
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ome Severity） yet this proved but an ineffectual Remedy for those Mischiefs。 Therefore the King took another and a more effectual Course； for in the 22d Year of his Reign； by Advice of his Parliament held at Northampton； he instituted Justices itinerant； dividing the Kingdom into Six Circuits； and to every Circuit allotting Three Judges； Knowing or Experienced in the Laws of the Realm： These Justices with their several Circuits are declared by Hoveden； sub eodem Anno； i。 e。 22 H。 2。 viz。 1。 Hugo Cressy； Walterus filius Roberti； & Robertus Maunsel； for Norfolk； Suffolk； Cambridge； Huntingdon； Bedford； Buckingham； Essex； and Hartford Counties。 2。 Hugo de Gundevilla； W。 filius Radulphi； & W。 Basset； for Lincoln； Nottingham； Derby； Stafford； W arwick； Northampton； and Leicester Counties。 3。 Robertus filius Bernardi； Richardus Giffard； & Rogerus filius Ramfrey； for Kent； Surrey； Sussex； Hampshire； Berks； and Oxon Counties。 4。 W。 filius Stephani； Bertein de Verdun； & Turstavi filius Simonis； for Hereford； Gloucester； Worcester； and Salop Countries。 5。 Radulphus filius Stephani； W。 Ruffus； & Gilbertus Pipard； for the Counties of Wilts； Dorset； Somerset； Devon； and Cornwall。 6。 Robertus deWatts； Radulphus de Glanvilla； & Robertus Picknot； for the Counties of York； Richmond； Lancaster Copland； Westmorland； Northumberland； and Cumberland。 Hi； （Consilio Archiepiscoporum； Episcoporum； Comitum & Baronum Regni； &c。 apud Nottingham existentium） missi sunt per singulos Angliae Comitatus & juraverunt quod cuilibet jus suum conservarent illae sum。 Hoveden fo。 313。 & Mat。 Paris； in Anno 1176。 And that these Men were well known in the Law； appears by their Companion Radulphus de Glanvilla； who seems to be the Author of the Treatise De Legibus Angliae； and was afterwards made Justitiarius Angliae。 To those Justices； was afterwards committed the Conuzance of all Civil and Criminal Pleas happening within their Divisions； and likewise Pleas of the Crown； Pleas touching Liberties； and the King's Rights； and the better to acquaint them with their Business； there were certain Assises which were first enacted at Clarendon； and afterwards confirmed at Northampton； they were not much unlike the Capitula ltineris mentioned in our old Magna Charta； but not so perfect； and are set down by Hoveden iubi supra； and are too long to be here inserted： I shall only take Notice of this one； viz。 Establishing Descents； because I shall hereafter have Occasion to use it； Si quis obierit Francus Tenens haeredes ipsius remaneant in talem Seisina qualem Pater suus； &c。 But besides those Courts in Eyre； there were two great standing Courts； viz。 The Exchequer； and the Court of Kings…Bench； Vel Curiam coram ipso Rege； vel ejus Justiciario； and it was provided by the above…mentioned Assisae； 〃Quod Justiciae faciant omnes Justicias & Rectitudines Spectantes ad Dominium Regis； & ad Coronam suam； per breve Domini Regis vel illorum qui in ejus Loco erunt de Feodo dimidii Militis & infra； Nisi tam grandis sit quaerela quod non possit deduci sine Domino Rege vel talis quam Justiciae ei reponunt pro dubitatione sua； vel ad illos qui in Loco ejus erunt；〃 &c。 Neither do I find any distinct Mention of the Court of Common Bench in the Time of this King； tho' in the Time of King John there is often mention made thereof； and the Rolls of that Court of King John's Time are yet extant upon Record； & vide post。 sub Richardi Primi。 The Limitation of the Assise of Novel Disseisin； is by those Assises appointed to be； a tempore quo Dominus Rex venit in Angliam proximam post Pacis factam inter ipsum； & Regem filium suum。 The same King afterwards； in the Twenty fifth Year of his Reign； divided the Limits of his Itinerant Justices into Four Circuits or Divisions； and to each Circuit assigned a greater Number of Justices； viz。 Five at least； which are thus set down in Hoveden； Folio 337。 viz。 Anno 1179； 25 H。 2。 Magno Concilio celebrato apud Windeshores； Communi Consilio Archiepiscoporum Comitum & Baronum & coram Rege Filio Suo； Rex divisit Angliam in quatuor Partes； & unicuique partium praefecit viros sapientes ad faciendum Justitiam in Terra sua in hunc Modum。 1。 Ricardus…Episcopus Winton； Ricardus Thesaurarius Regis； Nicholaus filius Turoldi； Thomas Basset & Robertus de Whitefield； for the Counties of Southampton； Wilts； Gloucester； Somerset； Devon； Cornwall； Berks and Oxon。 2。 Galfridus Eliensis Episcopus； Nicholaus Capellanus Regis； Gilbertus Pipard； Reginald de Wisebeck Capellanus Reges & Gaulfridus Hosce； for the Counties of Cambridge； Huntingdon； Northampton； Leicester； Warwick； Winchester； Hereford； Stafford and Salop。 3。 Johannes Episcopas Norwicensis； Hugo Murdac Clericus Regis； Michael Bellet； Richardus de le Pec； & Radulphus Brito； for Norfolk； Suffolk； Essex； Hartford； Middlesex； Kent； Surrey； Sussex； Bucks and Bedford。 4。 Galfredus de Luci； Johannes Comyn； Hugo de Gaerst； Radulphus de Glanvilla； W。 de Bendings； Alanus de Furnellis； for the Counties of Nottingham； Derby； York； Northumberland； Westmorland； Cumberland； and Lancaster。 Isti sunt Justiciae in Curia Regis constituti ad audiendum clamores Populi。 This Prince did these Three notable Things； viz。 First； By this Means； he improved and perfected the Laws of England； and doubtless transferred over many of the English Laws into Normandy； which； as before is observed； caused that great Suitableness between their Laws and ours； so that the Similitude did arise much more by a Conformation of their Laws to those of England； than by any Conformation of the English Laws to theirs； especially in the Reigns of King Hen。 2 and his Two Sons； King Richard； and King John； both of whom were also Dukes of Normandy。 Secondly； He check'd the Pride and Insolence of the Pope and the Clergy； by those Constitutions made in a Parliament at Clarendon； whereby he restrained the Exorbitant Power of the Ecclesiasticks； and the Exemption they claimed from Secular Jurisdiction。 And； Thirdly； He subdued and conquered Ireland； and added it to the Crown of England； which Conquest was begun by Richard Earl of Stigule or Strongbow； 14 H。 2。 But was perfected by the King himself in the Seventeenth Year of his Reign； and for the greater Solemnity of the Business； was ratified by the Fealties of the Bishops and Nobles of Ireland； and by a Bull of Confirmation from Pope Alexander； who was willing to interest himself in that Business； to ingratiate himself with the King； and to gain a Pretence for that arrogant Usurpation of disposing of Temporal Dominions； Vide Hoveden； Anno 14 H。 2。 Richard I eldest Son of King Henry 2 succeeded his Father。 I have seen little of Record touching the Juridicial Proceedings； either of him； or his said Father； other than what occurs in the Pipe…Rolls in the Exchequer； which both in the Time of Hen。 2； Rich。 I； and King John； and all the succeeding Kings； are fairly preserved； and the best Remembrances that we have of this King's Reign in relation to the Law； are what Roger Hoveden's Annals have delivered down to us； viz。 First； He instituted a Body of Naval Laws in his Return from the Holy Land； in the Island of Oleron； which are yet extant with some Additions； De quibus； Vide Mr Selden's Mare Clausum； Lib。 2。 cap。 24。 and I suppose they are the same which are attributed to him by Mat。 Paris； Anno 1196。 and he constituted Justices to put them in Execution。 Secondly； He observed the same Method of distributing Justice as his Father had begun； by Justices Itinerant per singulos Angliae Comitatus； to whom he deliver two Kinds of Extracts or Articles of Inquiry； viz。 Capitula Coronae； much reformed and augmented from what they were before； and Capitula de Judaeis； the whole may be read in Hoveden； fo。 423。 sub Anno 5 R。 I。 and by those Articles it appears； That at that Time there was a settled Court for the Common…Pleas； as well as for the King's Bench； tho' it seems that Pleas of Land were then indifferently held in either； as appears by the first and second Articles thereof； where we have； Placita Per breve Domini Regis； vel Per breve Capitalis Justiciae； vel a Capitali Curia Regis coram eis （Justiciis） missa： The former whereof seems to be the Common…Pleas； which held Pleas by Original Writ； which Writ was under the King's Teste when he was in England； but when he was beyond the Seas； it was under the Teste of the Justiciarius Angliae； as the Custos Regni in the King's Absence。 The Power which the Justices Itinerant had to hold Pleas in Writs of Right； or the Grand Assize； was sometimes limited； as here by the Articuli Coronae under Hen。 2。 to half a Knight's Fee； or under： For here in these Articles it is； De Magnis Assisis quae sunt de centum Solidis & infra。 But in the next Commissions； or Capitula Coronae； it is； De Magnis Assisis usque ad decem Libratas Terre & infra。 In his eighth Year； he established a Common Rule for Weights and Measures throughout England； called Assisa de Mensuris； wherein we find the Measure of Woollen Cloths was then the same with that of Magna Charta； 9 H。 3。 viz。 De diuobus ulnis infra Lisuras。 In the Year before his Death； the like Justices Errant went through many Counties of England； to whom Articles； or Capitiuls Placitorium Coronae； not much unlike the former were delivered。 Vide Hoveden； sub Anno 1198。 fo。 445。 And in the same Year； he issued Commissions in the Trent； Hugh de Neville being Chief Justice； and to those were also delivered Articles of Inquiry； commonly called Assisae de Foresta； which may be read at large in Hoveden； sub eodem Anno。 These gave great Discontent to the Kingdom； for both the Laws of the Forest； and their Execution were rigorous and grievous。 King John succeeded his said Brother； both in the Kingdom of England； and Dutchy of Normandy； the Evidence that we have； touching the Progress of the Laws of his Time； are principally Three； viz。 First。 His Charters of Liberties。 2dly； The Records of Pleadings and Proceedings in his Courts； And 3dly； The Course he took for settling the Eng
