the history of the common law of england-第5部分

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　　Now　the　Matters　of　Ecclesiastical　Jurisdiction　are　of　Two　　Kinds；　Criminal　and　Civil。　　　　　　The　Criminal　Proceedings　extend　to　such　Crimes；　as　by　the　　Laws　of　this　Kingdom　are　of　Ecclesiastical　Cognizance；　as　Heresy；　　Fornication；　Adultery；　and　some　others；　wherein　their　Proceedings　　are；　Pro　Reformatione　Morum；　&　Pro　Salute　Animae；　and　the　Reason　　why　they　have　Conuzance　of　those　and　the　like　offences；　and　not　　of　others；　as　Murther；　Theft；　Burglary；　&c。　is　not　so　much　from　　the　Nature　of　the　Offence　（for　surely　the　one　is　as　much　a　Sin　as　　the　other；　and　therefore；　if　their　Cognizance　were　of　Offences　　quatenus　peccata　contra　Deum；　it　would　extend　to　all　Sins　　whatsoever；　it　being　against　God's　Law）。　But　the　true　Reason　is；　　because　the　Law　of　the　Land　has　indulged　unto　that　jurisdiction　　the　Conuzance　of　some　Crimes　and　not　of　others。　　　　　　The　Civil　Causes　committed　to　their　Cognizance；　wherein　the　　Proceedings　are　ad　lnstantiam　Partis；　ordinarily　are　Matters　of　　Tythes；　Rights　of　Institution　and　Induction　to　Ecclesiastical　　Benefices；　Cases　of　Matrimony　and　Divorces；　and　Testamentary　　Causes；　and　the　Incidents　thereunto；　as　Insinuation　or　Probation　　of　Testaments；　Controversies　touching　the　same；　and　of　Legacies　　of　Goods　and　Moneys；　&c。　　　　　　Altho'　de　Jure　Communi　the　Cognizance　of　Wills　and　Testaments　　does　not　belong　to　the　Ecclesiastical　Court；　but　to　the　Temporal　　or　Civil　jurisdiction；　yet　de　Consuetudine　Angliae　Pertinet　ad　　Judices　Ecclesiasticos；　as　Linwood　himself　agrees；　Exercit。　de　　Testamentis；　cap。　4。　in　Glossa。　So　that　it　is　the　Custom　or　Law　　of　England　that　gives　the　Extent　and　Limits　of　their　external　　Jurisdiction　in　Foro　Contentioso。　　　　　　The　Rule　by　which　they　proceed；　is　the　Canon　Law；　but　not　in　　its　full　Latitude；　and　only　so　far　as　it　stands　uncorrected；　　either　by　contrary　Acts　of　Parliament；　or　the　Common　Law　and　　Custom　of　England；　for　there　are　divers　Canons　made　in　ancient　　Times；　and　Decretals　of　the　Popes　that　never　were　admitted　here　　in　England；　and　particularly　in　relation　to　Tythes；　many　things　　being　by　our　Laws　privileg'd　from　Tythes；　which　by　the　Canon　Law　　are　chargeable；　（as　Timber；　Oar；　Coals；　&c。）　without　a　Special　　Custom　subjecting　them　thereunto。　　　　　　Where　the　Canon　Law；　or　the　Stylius　Curiae；　is　silent；　the　　Civil　Law　is　taken　as　a　Director；　especially　in　Points　of　　Exposition　and　Determination；　touching　Wills　and　Legacies。　　　　　　But　Things　that　are　of　Temporal　Cognizance　only；　cannot　by　　Charter　be　delivered　over　to　Ecclesiastical　jurisdiction；　nor　be　　judged　according　to　the　Rules　of　the　Canon　or　Civil　Law；　which　is　　aliud　Examen；　and　not　competent　to　the　Nature　of　Things　of　Common　　Law　Cognizance：　And　therefore；　Mich。　8　H。　4。　Rot。　72。　coram　Rege。　　when　the　Chancellor　of　Oxford　proceeded　aCcording　to　the　Rule　of　　tle　Civil　Law　in　a　Case　of　Debt；　the　judgment　was　reversed　in　B。　　R。　wherein　the　principal　Error　assigned　was；　because　they　　proceeded　Per　Legem　Civilem　iubi　qiuilibet　ligeus　Domini　Regis　　Regni　sui　Angliae　in　quibusciunque　Placitis　&　querelis　infra　hoc　　Regnum　factis　&　emergentibus　de　Jure　tractar。i　debt　Per　Communem　　Legem　Angliae；　and　altho'　King　H。　8。　14　Anno　Regni　sui；　granted　　to　the　University　a　liberal　Charter　to　proceed　according　to　the　　Use　of　the　University；　viz。　By　a　Course　much　conform'd　to　the　　Civil　Law；　yet　that　Charter　had　not　been　sufficient　to　have　　warranted　such　Proceedings　without　the　Help　of　an　Act　of　　Parliament：　And　therefore　in　13　Eliz。　an　Act　passed；　whereby　that　　Charter　was　in　Effect　enacted；　and　'tis　thereby　that　at　this　Day　　they　have　a　kind　of　Civil　Law　Proceedure；　even　in　Matters　that　　are　of　themselves　of　Common　Law　Cognizance；　where　either　of　the　　Parties　to　the　Suit　are　privileged。　　　　　　The　Coertion　or　Execution　of　the　Sentence　in　Ecclesiastical　　Courts；　is　only　by　Excommunication　of　the　Person　contumacious；　　and　upon　Signification　thereof　into　Chancery；　a　Writ　de　　Excommunicatio　capiendo　issues；　whereby　the　Party　is　imprisoned　　till　Obedience　yielded　to　the　Sentence。　But　besides　this　　Coertion；　the　Sentences　of　the　Ecclesiastical　Courts　touching　　some　Matters　do　introduce　a　real　Effect；　without　any　other　　Execution；　as　a　Divorce；　a　Vinculo　Matrimonii　for　the　Causes　of　　Consanguinity；　Precontract；　or　Frigidity；　do　induce　a　legal　　Dissolution　of　the　Marriage；　so　a　Sentence　of　Deprivation　from　an　　Ecclesiastical　Benefice；　does　by　Virtue　of　the　very　Sentence；　　without　any　other　Coertion　or　Execution；　introduce　a　full　　Determination　of　the　Interest　of　the　Person　deprived。　　　　　　And　thus　much　concerning　the　Ecclesiastical　Courts；　and　the　　Use　of　the　Canon　and　Civil　Law　in　them；　as　they　are　the　Rule　and　　Direction　of　Proceedings　therein。　　　　　　Secondly；　The　second　special　Jurisdiction　wherein　the　Civil　　Law　is　allow'd；　at　least　as　a　Director　or　Rule　in　some　Cases；　is　　the　Admiral　Court　or　Jurisdiction。　This　jurisdiction　is　derived　　also　from　the　Crown　of　England；　either　immediately　by　Commission　　from　the　King；　or　mediately；　which　is　several　Ways；　either　by　　Commission　from　the　Lord　High　Admiral；　whose　Power　and　　Constitution　is　by　the　King；　or　by　the　Charters　granted　to　　particular　Corporations　bordering　upon　the　Sea；　and　by　Commission　　from　them；　or　by　Prescription；　which　nevertheless　in　Presumption　　of　Law　is　derived　at　first　from　the　Crown　by　Charter　not　now　　extant。　　　　　　The　Admiral　Jurisdiction　is　of　Two　Kinds；　viz。　Jurisdictio　　Voluntaria；　which　is　no　other　but　the　Power　of　the　Lord　High　　Admiral；　as　the　King's　General　at　Sea　over　his　Fleets；　or　　Jurisdictio　Contentiosa；　which　is　that　Power　of　Jurisdiction　　which　the　Judge　of　the　Admiralty　has　in　Foro　Contentioso；　and　　what　I　have　to　say　is　of　this　later　Jurisdiction。　　　　　　The　Jurisdiction　of　the　Admiral　Court；　as　to　the　Matter　of　　it；　is　confined　by　the　Laws　of　this　Realm　to　Things　done　upon　the　　High　Sea　only；　as　Depredations　and　Piracies　upon　the　High　Sea；　　Offences　of　Masters　and　Mariners　upon　the　High　Sea；　Maritime　　Contracts　made　and　to　be　executed　upon　the　High　Sea；　Matters　of　　Prize　and　Reprizal　upon　the　High　Sea。　But　touching　Contracts　or　　Things　made　within　the　Bodies　of　English　Counties；　or　upon　the　　Land　beyond　the　Sea；　tho'　the　Execution　thereof　be　in　some　　Measure　upon　the　High　Sea；　as　Charter　Parties；　or　Contracts　made　　even　upon　the　High　Sea；　touching　Things　that　are　not　in　their　own　　Nature　Maritime；　as　a　Bond　or　Contract　for　the　Payment　of　Money；　　so　also　of　Damages　in　Navigable　Rivers；　within　the　Bodies　of　　Counties；　Things　done　upon　the　Shore　at　Low…Water；　Wreck　of　the　　Sea；　&c。　These　Things　belong　not　to　the　Admiral's　Jurisdiction：　　And　thus　the　Common　Law；　and　the　Statutes　of　I　3　Rich。　2。　cap。　　15。　15　Rich。　2。　cap。　3。　confine　and　limit　their　Jurisdiction　to　　Matters　Maritime；　and　such　only　as　are　done　upon　the　High　Sea。　　　　　　This　Court　is　not　bottom'd　or　founded　upon　the　Authority　of　　the　Civil　Law；　but　hath　both　its　Power　and　Jurisdiction　by　the　　Law　and　Custom　of　the　Realm；　in　such　Matters　as　are　proper　for　　its　Cognizance；　and　this　appears　by　their　Process；　viz。　The　　Arrest　of　the　Persons　of　the　Defendants；　as　well　as　by　Attachment　　of　their　Goods；　and　likewise　by　those　Customs　and　Laws　Maritime；　　whereby　many　of　their　Proceedings　are　directed；　and　which　are　not　　in　many　Things　conformable　to　the　Rules　of　the　Civil　Law；　such　　are　those　ancient　Laws　of　Oleron；　and　other　Customs　introduced　by　　the　Practice　of　the　Sea；　and　Stile　of　the　Court。　　　　　　Also；　The　Civil　Law　is　allowed　to　be　the　Rule　of　their　　Proceedings；　only　so　far　as　the　same　is　not　contradicted　by　the　　Statute　of　this　Kingdom；　or　by　those　Maritime　Laws　and　Customs；　　which　in　some　Points　have　obtain'd　in　Derogation　of　the　Civil　　Law：　But　by　the　Statute　28　Hen。　8。　cap。　15。　all　Treasons；　　Murders；　Felonies；　done　on　the　High　Sea；　or　in　any　Haven；　River；　　Creek；　Port　or　Place；　where　the　Admirals　have　to　pretend　to　have　　Jurisdiction；　are　to　be　determined　by　the　King's　Commission；　as　　if　the　Offences　were　done　at　Land；　according　to　the　Course　of　the　　Common　Law。　　　　　　And　thus　much　shall　serve　touching　the　Court　of　Admiralty；　　and　the　Use　of　the　Civil　Law　therein。　　　　　　Thirdly；　The　Third　Court；　wherein　the　Civil　Law　has　its　Use　　in　this　Kingdom；　is　the　Military　Court；　held　before　the　Constable　　and　Marshal　anciently；　as　the　Judiciis　Ordinarii　in　this　Case；　or　　otherwise　before　the　King's　Commissioners　of　that　Jurisdiction；　　as　Judices　Delegati。　　　　　　The　Matter　of　their　Jurisdiction　is　declared　and　limited　by　　the　Statutes　of　8　R。　2。　cap。　5。　and　1　3　R。　2。　cap。　2。　And　not　　only　by　those　Statutes；　but　more　by　the　very　Common　Law　is　their　　Jurisdiction　declared　and　limited　as　follows；　viz。　　　　　　　　First；　Negatively。　They　are　not　to　meddle　with　any　Thing　　determinable　by　the　Common　Law。　And　therefore；　inasmuch　as　Matter　　of　Damages；　and　the　Quantity　and　Determination　thereof；　is　of　　that　Conuzance；　the　Court　of　Constable　and　Marshal　cannot；　even　　in　such　Suits　as　are　proper　for　their　Conuzance；　give　Damages　　against　the　Party　convicted　before　them；　and　at　most　can　only　　order　Reparation　in　Point　of　Honour；　as　Mendacium　sibi　ipsi　　imponere：　Neither　can　they；　as　to　the　Point　of　Reparation；　in　　Honour；　hold　Plea　of　any　such　Words　or　Things；　wherein　the　Party　　is　relievable　by　the　Courts　of　the　Common　Law。　　　　　　Secondly；　Affirmatively：　Their　Jurisdiction　extends　to　　Matters　of　Arms　and　Matters　of　War；　viz。　　　　　　　　First；　As　to　Matters　of　Arms　（or　Heraldry）；　the　Constable　and　　Marshal　had　Conuzance　thereof；　viz。　Touching　the　Rights　of　　Coat…Armour；　Bearings；　Crests；　Supporters；　Pennons；　&c。　And　also　　touching　the　Rights　of　Place　and　Precedence；　in　Cases　where　　either　Acts　of　Parliament　or　the　King's　Patent　（he　being　the　　Fountain　of　Honour）　have　not　already　determined　it；　for　in　such　　Cases　they　have　no　Power　to　alter　it。　Those　Things　were　anciently　　allowed　to　the　Conuzance　of　the　Constable　and　Marshal；　as　having　　some　Relation　to　Military　Affairs；　but　so　restrain'd；　that　they　　were　only　to　determine　the　Right；　and　give　Reparation　to　the　　Party　injured　in　Point　of　Honour；　but　not　to　repair　him　in　　Damages。　　　　　　But；　Secondly；　As　to　Matters　of　War。　The　Constable　and　　Marshal　had　a　double　Power；　viz。　　　　　　1。　A　Ministerial　Power；　as　they　were　Two　great　ordinary　　Officers；　anciently；　in　the　King's　Army；　the　Constable　being　in　　Effec