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ted�察�and civilization has  won its most brilliant victory in all history。  The American  democracy has crushed�察�actually or potentially�察�every species of  barbarism in the New World�察�asserted victoriously the state�察�and  placed the government definitively on the side of legitimate  authority�察�and made its natural association henceforth with all  civilized governmentsnot with the revolutionary movements to  overthrow them。  The American people will always be progressive  as well as conservative�察�but they have learned a lesson�察�which  they much needed against false democracy�此�civil war has taught  them that ;the sacred right of insurrection; is as much out of  place in a democratic state as in an aristocratic or a mon´ 369                                                           archical  state�察�and that the government should always be clothed with  ample authority to arrest and punish whoever plots its  destruction。  They must never be delighted again to have their  government send a national ship to bring hither a noted traitor  to his own sovereign as the nation's guest。  The people of the  Northern States are hardly less responsible for the late  rebellion than the people of the Southern States。  Their press  had taught them to call every government a tyranny that refused  to remain quiet while the traitor was cutting its throat or  assassinating the nation�察�and they had nothing but mad  denunciations of the Papal�察�the Austrian�察�and the Neapolitan  governments for their severity against conspirators and traitors。   But their own government has found it necessary for the public  safety to be equally arbitrary�察�prompt�察�and severe�察�and they will  most likely require it hereafter to co´operate with the  governments of the Old World in advancing civilization�察�instead  of lending all its moral support�察�as heretofore�察�to the Jacobins�察 �revolutionists�察�socialists�察�and humanitarians�察�to bring back the  reign of barbarism。

The tendency to individualism has been sufficiently checked by  the failure of the rebellion�察�and no danger from the  disintegrating  370                element�察�either in the particular State or in the  United States�察�is henceforth to be apprehended。  But the tendency  in the opposite direction may give the American state some  trouble。  The tendency now is�察�as to the Union�察�consolidation�察 �and as to the particular state�察�humanitarianism�察�socialism�察�or  centralized democracy。  Yet this tendency�察�though it may do much  mischief�察�will hardly become exclusive。  The States that seceded�察 �when restored�察�will always�察�even in abandoning State sovereignty�察 �resist it�察�and still assert State rights。  When these States are  restored to their normal position�察�they will always be able to  protect themselves against any encroachments on their special  rights by the General government。  The constitution�察�in the  distribution of the powers of government�察�provides the States  severally with ample means to protect their individuality against  the centralizing tendency of the General government�察�however  strong it may be。

The war has�察�no doubt�察�had a tendency to strengthen the General  government�察�and to cause the people�察�to a great extent�察�to look  upon it as the supreme and exclusive national government�察�and to  regard the several State governments as subordinate instead of  co´ordinate governments。  It is not improbable that the  Executive�察�since 371                  the outbreak of the rebellion�察�has proceeded  throughout on that supposition�察�and hence his extraordinary  assumptions of power�察�but when once peace is fully re´established  and the States have all resumed their normal position in the  Union�察�every State will be found prompt enough to resist any  attempt to encroach on its constitutional rights。  Its instinct  of self´preservation will lead it to resist�察�and it will be  protected by both its own judiciary and that of the United  States。

The danger that the General government will usurp the rights of  the States is far less than the danger that the Executive will  usurp all the powers of Congress and the judiciary。  Congress�察 �during the rebellion�察�clothed the President�察�as far as it could�察 �with dictatorial powers�察�and these powers the Executive continues  to exercise even after the rebellion is suppressed。  They were  given and held under the rights of war�察�and for war purposes  only�察�and expired by natural limitation when the war ceased�察�but  the Executive forgets this�察�and�察�instead of calling Congress  together and submitting the work of reconstruction of the States  that seceded to its wisdom and authority�察�undertakes to  reconstruct them himself�察�as if he were an absolute sovereign�察 �372 and the people seem to like it。  He might and should�察�as  commander´in´chief of the army and navy�察�govern them as military  departments�察�by his lieutenants�察�till Congress could either  create provisional civil governments for them or recognize them  as self´governing States in the Union�察�but he has no right�察�under  the constitution nor under the war power�察�to appoint civil  governors�察�permanent or provisional�察�and every act he has done in  regard to reconstruction is sheer usurpation�察�and done without  authority and without the slightest plea of necessity。  His acts  in this respect�察�even if wise and just in themselves�察�are  inexcusable�察�because done by one who has no legal right to do  them。  Yet his usurpation is apparently sustained by public  sentiment�察�and a deep wound is inflicted on the constitution�察 �which will be long in healing。

The danger in this respect is all the greater because it did not  originate with the rebellion�察�but had manifested itself for a  long time before。  There is a growing disposition on the part of 

Congress to throw as much of the business of government as  possible into the hands of the Executive。  The patronage the  Executive wields�察�even in times of peace�察�is so large that he has  indirectly an almost supreme control 373                                      over the legislative branch  of the government。  For this�察�which is�察�and�察�if not checked will  continue to be�察�a growing evil�察�there is no obvious remedy�察 �unless the President is chosen for a longer term of office and  made ineligible for a second term�察�and the mischievous doctrine  of rotation in office is rejected as incompatible with the true  interests of the public。  Here is matter for the consideration of  the American statesman。  But as to the usurpations of the  Executive in these unsettled times�察�they will be only temporary�察 �and will cease when the States are all restored。  They are  abuses�察�but only temporary abuses�察�and the Southern States�察�when  restored to the Union�察�will resume their rights in their own  sphere�察�as self´governing communities�察�and legalize or undo the  unwarrantable acts of the Federal Executive。

The socialistic and centralizing tendency in the bosom of the  individual States is the most dangerous�察�but it will not be able  to become predominant�察�for philanthropy�察�unlike charity�察�does not  begin at home�察�and is powerless unless it operates at a distance。   In the States in which the humanitarian tendency is the  strongest�察�the territorial democracy has its most effective  organization。  Prior to the outbreak of the rebellion the  American people had asserted 374                              popular sovereignty�察�but had never  rendered an account to themselves in what sense the people are or  are not sovereign。  They had never distinguished the three sorts  of democracy from one another�察�asked themselves which of the  three is the distinctively American democracy。  For them�察 �democracy was democracy�察�and those who saw dangers ahead sought  to avoid them either by exaggerating one or the other of the two  exclusive tendencies�察�or else by restraining democracy itself  through restrictions on suffrage。  The latter class began to  distrust universal suffrage�察�to lose faith in the people�察�and to  dream of modifying the American constitution so as to make it  conform more nearly to the English model。  The war has proved  that the were wrong�察�for nothing is more certain than that the  people have saved the national unity and integrity almost in  spite of their government。  The General government either was not  disposed or was afraid to take a decided stand against secession�察 �till forced to do it by the people themselves。  No wise American  can henceforth distrust American democracy。  The people may be  trusted。  So much is settled。  But as the two extremes were  equally democratic�察�as the secessionists acted in the name of  popular sovereignty�察�and as the humanitarians 375                                               were not unwilling  to allow separation�察�and would not and did not engage in the war  against secession for the sake of the Union and the integrity of  the national domain�察�the conviction becomes irresistible that it  was not democracy in the sense of either of the extremes that  made the war and came out of it victorious�察�and hence the real  American democracy must differ from them both�察�and is neither a  personal nor a humanitarian�察�but a territorial democracy。  The  true idea of American democracy thus comes out�察�for the first  time�察�freed from the two extreme democracies which have been  identified with it�察�and henceforth enters into the understandings  as well as the hearts of the people。  The war has enlightened  patriotism�察�and what was sentiment or instinct becomes reasona  well´defined�察�and clearly understood constitutional conviction。

In the several States themselves there are many things to prevent  the socialistic tendency from becoming exclusive。  In the States  that seceded socialism has never had a foothold�察�and will not  gain it�察�for it is resisted by all the sentiments�察�convictions�察 �and habits of the Southern people�察�and the Southern people will  not be exterminated nor swamped by migrations either from the  North or from Europe。  They are and 376                                     always will be an  agricultural people�察�and an agricultural people are and always  will be opposed to socialistic dreams�察�unless unwittingly held  for a moment to favor it in pursuit of some special object in  which they take a passionate interest。  The worst of all policies  is that of hanging�察�exili

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