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The evils attributed to universal suffrage are not inseparable  from it�察�and�察�after all�察�it is doubtful if it elevates men of an  inferior class to those elevated by restricted suffrage。  The  Congress of 1860�察�or of 1862。 was a fair average 384                                                  of the wisdom�察 �the talent�察�and the virtue of the country�察�and not inferior to  that of 1776�察�or that of l789�察�and the Executive during the  rebellion was at least as able and as efficient as it was during  the war of 1812�察�far superior to that of Great Britain�察�and not  inferior to that of France during the Crimean war。  The Crimean  war developed and placed in high command�察�either with the English  or the French�察�no generals equal to Halleck�察�Grant�察�and Sherman�察 �to say nothing of others。  The more aristocratic South proved  itself�察�in both statesmanship and generalship�察�in no respect  superior to the territorial democracy of the North and West。

The great evil the country experiences is not from universal  suffrage�察�but from what may be called rotation in office。  The  number of political aspirants is so great that�察�in the Northern  and Western States especially�察�the representatives in Congress  are changed every two or four years�察�and a member�察�as soon as he  has acquired the experience necessary to qualify him for his  position�察�is dropped�察�not through the fickleness of his  constituency�察�but to give place to another whose aid had been  necessary to his first or second election。  Employes are  ;rotated�察─�not because they are incapable or unfaithful�察�but  because there are others who want their places。 385                                                  This is all bad�察 �but it springs not from universal suffrage�察�but from a wrong  public opinion�察�which might be corrected by the press�察�but which  is mainly formed by it。  There is�察�no doubt�察�a due share of  official corruption�察�but not more than elsewhere�察�and that would  be much diminished by increasing the salaries of the public  servants�察�especially in the higher offices of the government�察 �both General and State。  The pay to the lower officers and  employes of the government�察�and to the privates and  non´commissioned officers in the army�察�is liberal�察�and�察�in  general�察�too liberal�察�but the pay of the higher grades in both  the civil and military service is too low�察�and relatively far  lower than it was when the government was first organized。

The worst tendency in the country�察�and which is not encouraged at  all by the territorial democracy�察�manifests itself in hostility  to the military spirit and a standing army。  The depreciation of  the military spirit comes from the humanitarian or sentimental  democracy�察�which�察�like all sentimentalisms�察�defeats itself�察�and  brings about the very evils it seeks to avoid。  The hostility to  standing armies is inherited from England�察�and originated in the  quarrels between king and parliament�察�and is a  386                                                striking evidence  of the folly of that bundle of antagonistic forces called the  British constitution。  In feudal times most of the land was held  by military service�察�and the reliance of government was on the  feudal militia�察�but no real progress was made in eliminating  barbarism till the national authority got a regular army at its  command�察�and became able to defend itself against its enemies。   It is very doubtful if English civilization has not�察�upon the  whole�察�lost more than it has gained by substituting parliamentary  for royal supremacy�察�and exchanging the Stuarts for the Guelfs。

No nation is a living�察�prosperous nation that has lost the  military spirit�察�or in which the profession of the soldier is not  held in honor and esteem�察�and a standing army of reasonable size  is public economy。  It absorbs in its ranks a class of men who  are worth more there than anywhere else�察�it creates honorable  places for gentlemen or the sons of gentlemen without wealth�察�in  which they can serve both themselves and their country。  Under a  democratic government the most serious embarrassment to the state  is its gentlemen�察�or persons not disposed or not fitted to  support themselves by their own hands�察�more necessary in a  democratic government than in any other。  The civil 387                                                     service�察 �divinity�察�law�察�and medicine�察�together with literature�察�science�察 �and art�察�cannot absorb the whole of this ever´increasing class�察 �and the army and navy would be an economy and a real service to  the state were they maintained only for the sake of the rank and  position they give to their officers�察�and the wholesome influence  these officers would exert on society and the politics of the  countrythis even in case there were no wars or apprehension of  wars。  They supply an element needed in all society�察�to sustain  in it the chivalric and heroic spirit�察�perpetually endangered by  the mercantile and political spirit�察�which has in it always  something low and sordid。

But wars are inevitable�察�and when a nation has no surrounding  nations to fight�察�it will�察�as we have just proved�察�fight itself。   When it can have no foreign war�察�it will get up a domestic war�察 �for the human animal�察�like all animals�察�must work off in some way  its fighting humor�察�and the only sure way of maintaining peace is  always to be prepared for war。  A regular standing army of forty  thousand men would have prevented the Mexican war�察�and an army of  fifty thousand well´disciplined and efficient troops at the  command of the President on his inauguration in March�察�1861�察 �would have pre´ 388               vented the rebellion�察�or have instantly suppressed  it。  The cost of maintaining a land army of even a hundred  thousand men�察�and a naval force to correspond�察�would have been�察 �in simple money value�察�only a tithe of what the rebellion has  cost the nation�察�to say nothing of the valuable lives that have  been sacrificed for the losses on the rebel side�察�as well as  those on the side of the government�察�are equally to be counted。   The actual losses to the country have been not less than six or  eight thousand millions of dollars�察�or nearly one´half the  assessed value of the whole property of the United States  according to the census returns of 1860�察�and which has only been  partially cancelled by actual increase of property since。  To  meet the interest on the debt incurred will require a heavier sum  to be raised annually by taxation�察�twice over�察�without  discharging a cent of the principal�察�than would have been  necessary to maintain an army and navy adequate to the protection  of peace and the prevention of the rebellion。

The rebellion is now suppressed�察�and if the government does not  blunder much more in its civil efforts at pacification than it  did in its military operations�察�before 1868 things will settle  down into their normal order�察�but a regular armynot militia or  volunteers�察�who are  389                     too expensiveof at least a hundred thousand  men of all arms�察�and a navy nearly as large as that of England or  France�察�will be needed as a peace establishment。  The army of a  hundred thousand men must form a cadre of an army of three times  that number�察�which will be necessary to place the army on a war  footing。  Less will answer neither for peace nor war�察�for the  nation has�察�in spite of herself�察�to maintain henceforth the rank  of a first´class military and maritime power�察�and take a leading  part in political movements of the civilized world�察�and�察�to a  great extent�察�hold in her hand the peace of Europe。

Canning boasted that be had raised up the New World to redress  the balance of the Old�此�a vain boast�察�for he simply weakened  Spain and gave the hegemony of Europe to Russia�察�which the  Emperor of the French is trying�察�by strengthening Italy and  Spain�察�and by a French protectorate in Mexico�察�to secure to  France�察�both in the Old World and the Newa magnificent dream�察 �but not to be realized。  His uncle judged more wisely when he  sold Louisiana�察�left the New World to itself�察�and sought only to  secure to France the hegemony of the Old。  But the hegemony of  the New World henceforth belongs to the United States�察�and she  will have 390           a potent voice in adjusting the balance of power even  in Europe。  To maintain this position�察�which is imperative on  her�察�she must always have a large armed force�察�either on foot or  in reserve�察�which she can call out and put on a war footing at  short notice。  The United States must henceforth be a great  military and naval power�察�and the old hostility to a standing  army and the old attempt to bring the military into disrepute  must be abandoned�察�and the country yield to its destiny。

Of the several tendencies mentioned�察�the humanitarian tendency�察 �egoistical at the South�察�detaching the individual from the race  and socialistic at the North�察�absorbing the individual in the  race�察�is the most dangerous。  The egoistical form is checked�察 �sufficiently weakened by the defeat of the rebels�察�but the social  form believes that it has triumphed�察�and that individuals are  effaced in society�察�and the States in the Union。  Against this�察 �more especially should public opinion and American statesmanship  be now directed�察�and territorial democracy and the division of  the powers of government be asserted and vigorously maintained。   The danger is that while this socialistic form of democracy is  conscious of itself�察�the territorial democracy has not yet  arrived�察�as the Germans 391                         say�察�at self  consciousnessselbsbewusstseynand operates only instinctively。   All the dominant theories and sentimentalities are against it�察 �and it is only Providence that can sustain it。




392 CHAPTER XV。

DESTINY´POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS。


It has been said in the Introduction to this essay that every  living nation receives from Providence a special work or mission  in the progress of society�察�to accomplish which is its destiny�察 �or the end for which it exists�察�and that the special mission of  the United States is to continue and complete in the political  order the Graeco´Roman civilization。

Of all the states or colonies on this continent�察�the American  Republic alone has a destiny�察�or the ability to add any thing to  the ci

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