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The evils attributed to universal suffrage are not inseparable from it�察�and�察�after all�察�it is doubtful if it elevates men of an inferior class to those elevated by restricted suffrage。 The Congress of 1860�察�or of 1862。 was a fair average 384 of the wisdom�察 �the talent�察�and the virtue of the country�察�and not inferior to that of 1776�察�or that of l789�察�and the Executive during the rebellion was at least as able and as efficient as it was during the war of 1812�察�far superior to that of Great Britain�察�and not inferior to that of France during the Crimean war。 The Crimean war developed and placed in high command�察�either with the English or the French�察�no generals equal to Halleck�察�Grant�察�and Sherman�察 �to say nothing of others。 The more aristocratic South proved itself�察�in both statesmanship and generalship�察�in no respect superior to the territorial democracy of the North and West。
The great evil the country experiences is not from universal suffrage�察�but from what may be called rotation in office。 The number of political aspirants is so great that�察�in the Northern and Western States especially�察�the representatives in Congress are changed every two or four years�察�and a member�察�as soon as he has acquired the experience necessary to qualify him for his position�察�is dropped�察�not through the fickleness of his constituency�察�but to give place to another whose aid had been necessary to his first or second election。 Employes are ;rotated�察─�not because they are incapable or unfaithful�察�but because there are others who want their places。 385 This is all bad�察 �but it springs not from universal suffrage�察�but from a wrong public opinion�察�which might be corrected by the press�察�but which is mainly formed by it。 There is�察�no doubt�察�a due share of official corruption�察�but not more than elsewhere�察�and that would be much diminished by increasing the salaries of the public servants�察�especially in the higher offices of the government�察 �both General and State。 The pay to the lower officers and employes of the government�察�and to the privates and non´commissioned officers in the army�察�is liberal�察�and�察�in general�察�too liberal�察�but the pay of the higher grades in both the civil and military service is too low�察�and relatively far lower than it was when the government was first organized。
The worst tendency in the country�察�and which is not encouraged at all by the territorial democracy�察�manifests itself in hostility to the military spirit and a standing army。 The depreciation of the military spirit comes from the humanitarian or sentimental democracy�察�which�察�like all sentimentalisms�察�defeats itself�察�and brings about the very evils it seeks to avoid。 The hostility to standing armies is inherited from England�察�and originated in the quarrels between king and parliament�察�and is a 386 striking evidence of the folly of that bundle of antagonistic forces called the British constitution。 In feudal times most of the land was held by military service�察�and the reliance of government was on the feudal militia�察�but no real progress was made in eliminating barbarism till the national authority got a regular army at its command�察�and became able to defend itself against its enemies。 It is very doubtful if English civilization has not�察�upon the whole�察�lost more than it has gained by substituting parliamentary for royal supremacy�察�and exchanging the Stuarts for the Guelfs。
No nation is a living�察�prosperous nation that has lost the military spirit�察�or in which the profession of the soldier is not held in honor and esteem�察�and a standing army of reasonable size is public economy。 It absorbs in its ranks a class of men who are worth more there than anywhere else�察�it creates honorable places for gentlemen or the sons of gentlemen without wealth�察�in which they can serve both themselves and their country。 Under a democratic government the most serious embarrassment to the state is its gentlemen�察�or persons not disposed or not fitted to support themselves by their own hands�察�more necessary in a democratic government than in any other。 The civil 387 service�察 �divinity�察�law�察�and medicine�察�together with literature�察�science�察 �and art�察�cannot absorb the whole of this ever´increasing class�察 �and the army and navy would be an economy and a real service to the state were they maintained only for the sake of the rank and position they give to their officers�察�and the wholesome influence these officers would exert on society and the politics of the countrythis even in case there were no wars or apprehension of wars。 They supply an element needed in all society�察�to sustain in it the chivalric and heroic spirit�察�perpetually endangered by the mercantile and political spirit�察�which has in it always something low and sordid。
But wars are inevitable�察�and when a nation has no surrounding nations to fight�察�it will�察�as we have just proved�察�fight itself。 When it can have no foreign war�察�it will get up a domestic war�察 �for the human animal�察�like all animals�察�must work off in some way its fighting humor�察�and the only sure way of maintaining peace is always to be prepared for war。 A regular standing army of forty thousand men would have prevented the Mexican war�察�and an army of fifty thousand well´disciplined and efficient troops at the command of the President on his inauguration in March�察�1861�察 �would have pre´ 388 vented the rebellion�察�or have instantly suppressed it。 The cost of maintaining a land army of even a hundred thousand men�察�and a naval force to correspond�察�would have been�察 �in simple money value�察�only a tithe of what the rebellion has cost the nation�察�to say nothing of the valuable lives that have been sacrificed for the losses on the rebel side�察�as well as those on the side of the government�察�are equally to be counted。 The actual losses to the country have been not less than six or eight thousand millions of dollars�察�or nearly one´half the assessed value of the whole property of the United States according to the census returns of 1860�察�and which has only been partially cancelled by actual increase of property since。 To meet the interest on the debt incurred will require a heavier sum to be raised annually by taxation�察�twice over�察�without discharging a cent of the principal�察�than would have been necessary to maintain an army and navy adequate to the protection of peace and the prevention of the rebellion。
The rebellion is now suppressed�察�and if the government does not blunder much more in its civil efforts at pacification than it did in its military operations�察�before 1868 things will settle down into their normal order�察�but a regular armynot militia or volunteers�察�who are 389 too expensiveof at least a hundred thousand men of all arms�察�and a navy nearly as large as that of England or France�察�will be needed as a peace establishment。 The army of a hundred thousand men must form a cadre of an army of three times that number�察�which will be necessary to place the army on a war footing。 Less will answer neither for peace nor war�察�for the nation has�察�in spite of herself�察�to maintain henceforth the rank of a first´class military and maritime power�察�and take a leading part in political movements of the civilized world�察�and�察�to a great extent�察�hold in her hand the peace of Europe。
Canning boasted that be had raised up the New World to redress the balance of the Old�此�a vain boast�察�for he simply weakened Spain and gave the hegemony of Europe to Russia�察�which the Emperor of the French is trying�察�by strengthening Italy and Spain�察�and by a French protectorate in Mexico�察�to secure to France�察�both in the Old World and the Newa magnificent dream�察 �but not to be realized。 His uncle judged more wisely when he sold Louisiana�察�left the New World to itself�察�and sought only to secure to France the hegemony of the Old。 But the hegemony of the New World henceforth belongs to the United States�察�and she will have 390 a potent voice in adjusting the balance of power even in Europe。 To maintain this position�察�which is imperative on her�察�she must always have a large armed force�察�either on foot or in reserve�察�which she can call out and put on a war footing at short notice。 The United States must henceforth be a great military and naval power�察�and the old hostility to a standing army and the old attempt to bring the military into disrepute must be abandoned�察�and the country yield to its destiny。
Of the several tendencies mentioned�察�the humanitarian tendency�察 �egoistical at the South�察�detaching the individual from the race and socialistic at the North�察�absorbing the individual in the race�察�is the most dangerous。 The egoistical form is checked�察 �sufficiently weakened by the defeat of the rebels�察�but the social form believes that it has triumphed�察�and that individuals are effaced in society�察�and the States in the Union。 Against this�察 �more especially should public opinion and American statesmanship be now directed�察�and territorial democracy and the division of the powers of government be asserted and vigorously maintained。 The danger is that while this socialistic form of democracy is conscious of itself�察�the territorial democracy has not yet arrived�察�as the Germans 391 say�察�at self consciousnessselbsbewusstseynand operates only instinctively。 All the dominant theories and sentimentalities are against it�察 �and it is only Providence that can sustain it。
392 CHAPTER XV。
DESTINY´POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS。
It has been said in the Introduction to this essay that every living nation receives from Providence a special work or mission in the progress of society�察�to accomplish which is its destiny�察 �or the end for which it exists�察�and that the special mission of the United States is to continue and complete in the political order the Graeco´Roman civilization。
Of all the states or colonies on this continent�察�the American Republic alone has a destiny�察�or the ability to add any thing to the ci