the armies of labor-第26部分
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ence and posted guards； no violence was offered。 Suddenly at the end of two hours the men quietly resumed their work； and the management believed the trouble was over。 But for several successive mornings this maneuver was repeated。 Strike breakers were then sent for。 For a week； however； the work went forward as usual。 The order for strike breakers was countermanded。 Then came a continued repetition of the early morning strikes until the company gave way。
Nor were the subtler methods of sabotage forgotten in these demonstrations。 From many places came reports of emery dust in the gearings of expensive machines。 Men boasted of powdered soap emptied into water tanks that fed boilers； of kerosene applied to belting； of railroad switches that had been tampered with。 With these and many similar examples before them； the public became convinced that the mere arresting of a few leaders was futile。 A mass meeting at Ipswich； Massachusetts； in 1913； declared； as its principle of action； 〃We have got to meet force with force；〃 and then threatened to run the entire local I。W。W。 group out of town。 In many towns vigilance committees acted as eyes； ears； and hands for the community。 When the community refused to remain neutral； the contest assumed a different aspect and easily became a feud between a small group of militants and the general public。 In the West this contest assumed its most aggressive form。 At Spokane； in 1910； the jail was soon filled； and sixty prisoners went on a hunger strike which cost several lives。 In the lumber mills of Aberdeen； South Dakota； explosions and riots occurred。 In Hoquiam； Washington； a twelve…foot stockade surmounted by barbed wire entanglements failed to protect the mills from the assaults of strikers。 At Gray's Harbor； Washington； a citizens' committee cut the electric light wires to darken the meeting place of the I。W。W。 and then used axe handles and wagon spokes to drive the members out of town。 At Everett； Washington； a strike in the shingle mills led to the expulsion of the I。W。W。 The leaders then called for volunteers to invade Everett； and several hundred members sailed from Seattle。 They were met at the dock； however； by a large committee of citizens and were informed by the sheriff that they would not be allowed to land。 After some parley； the invaders opened fire； and in the course of the shooting that followed the sheriff was seriously wounded； five persons were killed； and many were injured。 The boat and its small invading army then returned to Seattle without making a landing at Everett。
The I。W。W。 found an excuse for their riotous action in the refusal of communities to permit them to speak in the streets and public places。 This； they claimed； was an invasion of their constitutional right of free speech。 The experience of San Diego serves as an example of their 〃free speech〃 campaigns。 In 1910； I。W。W。 agitators began to hold public meetings in the streets； in the course of which their language increased in ferocity until the indignation of the community was aroused。 An ordinance was then passed by the city council prohibiting street speaking within the congested portions of the city； but allowing street meetings in other parts of the city if a permit from the police department were first obtained。 There was； however； no law requiring the issue of such a permit； and none was granted to the agitators。 This restriction of their liberties greatly incensed the agitators； who at once raised the cry of 〃free speech〃 and began to hold meetings in defiance of the ordinance。 The jail was soon glutted with these apostles of riotous speaking。 In order to delay the dispatch of the court's overcrowded calendar； every one demanded a jury trial。 The mayor of the town then received a telegram from the general secretary of the organization which disclosed their tactics： 〃This fight will be continued until free speech is established in San Diego if it takes twenty thousand members and twenty years to do so。〃 The national membership of the I。W。W。 had been drafted as an invading army； to be a constant irritation to the city until it surrendered。 The police asserted that 〃there are bodies of men leaving all parts of the country for San Diego〃 for the purpose of defying the city authorities and overwhelming its municipal machinery。 A committee of vigilantes armed with 〃revolvers； knives； night…sticks； black jacks； and black snakes；〃 supported by the local press and commercial bodies； undertook to run the unwelcome guests out of town。 That this was not done gently is clearly disclosed by subsequent official evidence。 Culprits were loaded into auto trucks at night； taken to the county line； made to kiss the flag； sing the national anthem； run the gauntlet between rows of vigilantes provided with cudgels and； after thus proving their patriotism under duress； were told never to return。
〃There is an unwritten law；〃 one of the local papers at this time remarked； 〃that permits a citizen to avenge his outraged honor。 There is an unwritten law that permits a community to defend itself by any means in its power； lawful or unlawful； against any evil which the operation of the written law is inadequate to oppose or must oppose by slow； tedious； and unnecessarily expensive proceeding。〃 So this municipal homeopathy of curing lawlessness with lawlessness received public sanction。
With the declaration of war against Germany in April； 1917； hostility to the I。W。W。 on the part of the American public was intensified。 The members of the organization opposed war。 Their leaflet 〃War and the Workers；〃 bore this legend：
GENERAL SHERMAN SAID 〃WAR IS HELL〃 DON'T GO TO HELL IN ORDER TO GIVE A BUNCH OF PIRATICAL PLUTOCRATIC PARASITES A BIGGER SLICE OF HEAVEN。
Soon rumors abounded that German money was being used to aid the I。W。W。 in their plots。 In Oklahoma； Texas； Illinois； Kansas； and other States； members of the organization were arrested for failure to comply with the draft law。 The governors of Oregon； Washington； Montana； Idaho； and Nevada met to plan laws for suppressing the I。W。W。 Similar legislation was urged upon Congress。 Senator Thomas； in a report to the Senate； accused the I。W。W。 of cooperating with German agents in the copper mines and harvest fields of the West by inciting the laborers to strikes and to the destruction of food and material。 Popular opinion in the West inclined to the view of Senator Poindexter of Washington when he said that 〃most of the I。W。W。 leaders are outlaws or ought to be made outlaws because of their official utterances； inflammatory literature and acts of violence。〃 Indeed； scores of communities in 1917 took matters into their own hands。 Over a thousand I。W。W。 strikers in the copper mines of Bisbee； Arizona； were loaded into freight cars and shipped over the state line。 In Billings； Montana； one leader was horsewhipped； and two others were hanged until they were unconscious。 In Tulsa； Oklahoma； a group of seventeen members were taken from policemen； thoroughly flogged； tarred； feathered； and driven out of town by vigilantes。
The Federal Government； after an extended inquiry through the secret service； raided the Detroit headquarters of the I。W。W。； where a plot to tie up lake traffic was brewing。 The Chicago offices were raided some time later； over one hundred and sixty leaders of the organization from all parts of the country were indicted as a result of the examination of the wagon…load of papers and documents seized。 As a result； 166 indictments were returned。 Of these 99 defendants were found guilty by the trial jury； 16 were dismissed during the trial； and 51 were dismissed before the trial。 In Cleveland； Buffalo； and other lake ports similar disclosures were made； and everywhere the organization fell under popular and official suspicion。
In many other portions of the country members of the I。W。W。 were tried for conspiracy under the Federal espionage act。 In January； 1919； a trial jury in Sacramento found 46 defendants guilty。 The offense in the majority of these cases consisted in opposing military service rather than in overt acts against the Government。 But in May and June； 1919； the country was startled by a series of bomb outrages aimed at the United States Attorney…General； certain Federal district judges； and other leading public personages； which were evidently the result of centralized planning and were executed by members of the I。W。W。； aided very considerably by foreign Bolshevists。
In spite of its spectacular warfare and its monopoly of newspaper headlines； the I。W。W。 has never been numerically strong。 The first convention claimed a membership of 60；000。 All told； the organization has issued over 200；000 cards since its inception； but this total never constituted its membership at any given time； for no more fluctuating group ever existed。 When the I。W。W。 fosters a strike of considerable proportions； the membership rapidly swells； only to shrink again when the strike is over。 This temporary membership consists mostly of foreign workmen who are recent immigrants。 What may be termed the permanent membership is difficult to estimate。 In 1913 there were about 14；000 members。 In 1917 the membership was estimated at 75；000。 Though this is probably a maximum rather than an average； nevertheless the members are mostly young men whose revolutionary ardor counterbalances their want in numbers。 It is； moreover； an organization that has a wide penumbra。 It readily attracts the discontented； the unemployed； the man without a horizon。 In an instant it can lay a fire and put an entire police force on the qui vive。
The organization has always been in financial straits。 The source of its power is to be sought elsewhere。 Financially bankrupt and numerically unstable； the I。W。W。 relies upon the brazen cupidity of its stratagems and the habitual timorousness of society for its power。 It is this self…seeking disregard of constituted authority that has given a handful of bold and crafty leaders such prominence in the recent literature of fear。 And the members of this industrial Ku Klux Klan； these American Bolsheviki； assume to be the 〃conscious minority〃 which is to lead the ranks of labor into the Canaan of industrial bliss。
CHAPTER X。 LABOR AND POLI
