money answers all things-第7部分
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e continually giving Gold and Silver； do give sufficient to supply such a needful Balance to every Nation。 For the Gold and Silver； which the Mines； since the Europeans have possess'd them； have furnished Europe in general with； have not only furnished Quantities equal to the Increase of Mankind since that Time； but so much more Gold and Silver； as to inhance the Price of all Kinds of Commodities in Europe in general； but especially in those Nations who have； either directly or indirectly； had the most considerable Trade with the Countries where the Mines are； and this in all Probability they will always continue to do； but if not； I have and shall shew how to do that which will be always equivalent。 And as to the Countries； which are thus continually furnishing this Ballance to the rest of the World； they having the Mines； have that which is equivalent to such a Balance in their Favour。 I shall now proceed to some Observation concerning Prohibitions on Trade； and also concerning prohibiting the current Coin to be exported。 It was before observed； that it is reasonably expected； every Man should； some way or other； maintain himself and Family honestly； and that； to this End； the Affairs of the World must be so wisely constituted in their own Nature； as to furnish sufficient Employment for every Body； since any considerable Defect in this Respect must leave some unimploy'd and consequently without Maintenance： And further； that there is no Employment in the World； but what the People mutually cause each other。 These Employments arise solely out of the several Wants； etc。 of Mankind； which constitute all the various Trades； Professions； and Occupations of Men； to which I will add； and hereafter prove； that these are so wisely proportioned； as fully to employ all that need or will be employed； and therefore these are the natural Foundations of all commerce amongst Mankind and sufficient to subsist them all； if not obstructed by any Means。 All Nations of the World； therefore； should be regarded as one Body of Tradesmen； exercising their various Occupations for the mutual Benefit and Advantage of each other。 A very considerable Part of these Employments relate to maritime Affairs and Commerce； by transporting the Commodities of the several Nations from one Nation to another。 This makes ships needful； which； considering all things that any way relate to them； furnish Employment for a prodigious Part of Mankind； besides the inland Carriage of the Goods which the ships are loaded with； and the Merchants； and Writers； and all the Trades that depend on them； which must needs enable every Nation to support a prodigious Number of Inhabitants； more than the same Territory could support； if there were not this Commerce between the several Nations to employ the People。 Now since Mankind never complained of having too much Trade； but many do really want Business sufficient to get a Livelihood； Prohibitions do； in the very Nature of them； cut off so much Employment from the People； as there would be more； if there were no such Prohibitions。 And though this will； I think； chiefly affect the Nations who prohibit the Exportation of their own Commodities； because other Nations will either raise those Things themselves； or substitute something else of their own； if they can't get the same Things from other Nations； which I believe one way or other they almost always may； yet hence 'tis evident； such Prohibitions lessen the Number of Merchants and Ships； with all their Appendages； so far as such Prohibitions can affect them； which undoubtedly must cut off a Livelihood from abundance of People； who therefore must be obliged to seek their Livelihood in domestick Affairs； which being not sufficient to subsist so many People； upon the same Territory； without proportionable maritime Trade； must bring great Inconvenience on such a Nation； for want of so much of this Branch of Employment for the People。 And as other Nations； for want of looking thoroughly into the foundation of the Trade of the World； will certainly make Reprisals by Prohibitions；（9*） as we know they actually do； the Calamity of every Nation； that is no wiser； will increase； since they cut off so much Trade and Employment from Mankind； as these mutual Prohibitions can affect。 But no Inconvenience can arise by an unrestrained Trade； but very great Advantage； since if the Cash of the Nation be decreased by it； which Prohibitions are designed to prevent； those Nations that get the Cash will certainly find every thing advance in Price； as the Cash increases amongst them。 And if we； who part with the Money； make our Plenty great enough to make Labour sufficiently cheap； which is always constituted of the Price of Victuals and Drink； our Manufactures； and everything else； will soon become so moderate as to turn the Balance of Trade in our Favour； and thereby fetch the Money back again。 Thus Money； on which Trade floats； like a Tide； by ebbing and flowing； will bring vast Business to our People； and furnish them with Employment and Happiness。 But all this doth absolutely depend on cultivating such large Tracts of Land； as will make the Plenty great enough to reduce the Price of Labour； and all other Things in consequence thereof； so as to enable us to trade on Terms as reasonable as any other Nation； without which we must shut ourselves in a great Measure out of the foreign Trade of the World； as Merchants very well know； and every body will easily believe； since they that can work cheapest； must and will have the Trade。 But those who prohibit the Exportation of the rough Principles of their Manufactures； are willing to have them exported when wrought up； and fully manufactured。 Now beside that they must expect Reprisals to be made by other Nations； who will shift as much as they can without such Goods； for the sake； as they all seem to imagine； of employing their own People； not considering how much such shrinking and contracting their Trade within themselves； cuts off the more valuable maritime Trade and Employment； which all should strive to promote and enlarge； not only for the Reason I gave before； but because such Nations will always be the richest and most powerful （in respect to the Bigness of their Territory） who have the most maritime Trade； whether the Quantity of Cash amongst the People be as great as any other Nation or not； beside all this； I say； it may not be amiss to consider； what a vast Value must be risqued at Sea； when things are fully manufactured； to what would be risqued in their rough Principles； and what a Tendency the vast Value of Goods； fully manufactured； hath to make the Balance of Trade fluctuate； so as to hazard very great Quantities of Gold and Silver； much oftener at Sea； to make the Balance； than there otherwise would be Occasion for： And after all； how difficult is it； sufficiently to prevent the Exportation or Importation of any thing； which those who want it will be at the Charge to get； and what a Damage do a great many honest People sustain； by the unavoidable Inconveniences attending Prohibitions and high Duties； besides the Iniquity they too often occasion！ But let us a little consider； whether a free and unrestrained Trade hath any Inconveniencies； we ought to guard against。（10*） I will not contend for it； with respect to France； though I can't see it could do us any Harm； even in that Case； if we were prudent enough to prevent the Inconvenience； by imploying more Land as our Cash decreases； thereby to employ the People； and lower the Price of things still so much； that whatever Cash remains amongst us； it may however be so plentiful as to circulate Trade to the utmost； and so make the People in general happy； notwithstanding its Decrease。 For I am sensible that as France can work vastly cheaper； because they can live for a great deal less than we can do； so they can make most of the Manufactures we make； as well as we can； and therefore if we were to open Trade with them； they would bring us all sorts of Goods so cheap； that our Manufactures would be at an End； till the Money they would by this Means get of us rais'd the Prices of their things so much； and our Want of Money should fall ours to such a Degree； that we could go on with our Manufactures as cheap as they； and when Trade would stand between that Nation and us； as it doth between us and other Nations who mutually take Goods of each other； and I think this would enlarge the maritime Trade of both Nations； together with all the Trades relating thereto （i。e。 would furnish still further Means of employing abundance of People of both Nations this Way）； and at last； this will terminate in the particular Advantages each Nation naturally hath in the Produce of their respective Countries： And if any Nation is blest in this respect more than another； the Difference this will make； will be only that of having more Money amongst them； than such other Nations have in proportion to the Number of their People； and the Prices of Things in each Nation will be dearer and cheaper respectively； yet if they should go to make any other Advantage of this； to restrain； and so increase the Money amongst them； this would soon prove to their Hurt； because as their Goods will certainly rise as their Cash increases； so this will make the Opportunity greater for other nations； who will from hence be able to outdo them in Cheapness； to drive them out of their Trade at other foreign Markets； and probably； notwithstanding all they can do to prevent it； such cheap Commodities will find the Way to them likewise。 But we must consider our Trade； with respect to all other Nations； as well as France。 Suppose； therefore； that such an unrestrained Trade with France； or any other nation； should diminish our Cash so very considerably； that we could not give above half the Price for Things in general as we at present do： if we take care to keep our Trade alive； by employing the People in cultivating more Lands； that our Produce and Manufactures may be cheap enough to carry on Trade with such Nations； it must needs enlarge our Trade mightily with those nations； whose Cash keeps their Prices of things near to； or above the Rates ours are now at； insomuch that I think we must needs have the Balance on all
