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both　as　solid　as　possible；　and　as　useful　as　possible。

　　　　　The　revenue　of　every　established　church；　such　parts　of　it

excepted　as　may　arise　from　particular　lands　or　manors；　is　a

branch；　it　ought　to　be　observed；　of　the　general　revenue　of　the

state　which　is　thus　diverted　to　a　purpose　very　different　from　the

defence　of　the　state。　The　tithe；　for　example；　is　a　real　land…tax；

which　puts　it　out　of　the　power　of　the　proprietors　of　land　to

contribute　so　largely　towards　the　defence　of　the　state　as　they

otherwise　might　be　able　to　do。　The　rent　of　land；　however；　is；

according　to　some；　the　sole　fund；　and；　according　to　others；　the

principal　fund；　from　which；　in　all　great　monarchies；　the

exigencies　of　the　state　must　be　ultimately　supplied。　The　more　of

this　fund　that　is　given　to　the　church；　the　less；　it　is　evident；

can　be　spared　to　the　state。　It　may　be　laid　down　as　a　certain

maxim　that；　all　other　things　being　supposed　equal；　the　richer　the

church；　the　poorer　must　necessarily　be；　either　the　sovereign　on

the　one　hand；　or　the　people　on　the　other；　and；　in　all　cases；　the

less　able　must　the　state　be　to　defend　itself。　In　several

Protestant　countries；　particularly　in　all　the　Protestant　cantons

of　Switzerland；　the　revenue　which　anciently　belonged　to　the　Roman

Catholic　Church；　the　tithes　and　church　lands；　has　been　found　a

fund　sufficient；　not　only　to　afford　competent　salaries　to　the

established　clergy；　but　to　defray；　with　little　or　no　addition；

all　the　other　expenses　of　the　state。　The　magistrates　of　the

powerful　canton　of　Berne；　in　particular；　have　accumulated　out　of

the　savings　from　this　fund　a　very　large　sum；　supposed　to　amount

to　several　millions；　part　of　which　is　deposited　in　a　public

treasure；　and　part　is　placed　at　interest　in　what　are　called　the

public　funds　of　the　different　indebted　nations　of　Europe；　chiefly

in　those　of　France　and　Great　Britain。　What　may　be　the　amount　of

the　whole　expense　which　the　church；　either　of　Berne；　or　of　any

other　Protestant　canton；　costs　the　state；　I　do　not　pretend　to

know。　By　a　very　exact　account　it　appears　that；　in　1755；　the　whole

revenue　of　the　clergy　of　the　Church　of　Scotland；　including　their

glebe　or　church　lands；　and　the　rent　of　their　manses　or

dwelling…houses；　estimated　according　to　a　reasonable　valuation；

amounted　only　to　L68；514　1s。　5　1/12d。　This　very　moderate　revenue

affords　a　decent　subsistence　to　nine　hundred　and　forty…four

ministers。　The　whole　expense　of　the　church；　including　what　is

occasionally　laid　out　for　the　building　and　reparation　of

churches；　and　of　the　manses　of　ministers；　cannot　well　be　supposed

to　exceed　eighty　or　eighty…five　thousand　pounds　a　year。　The　most

opulent　church　in　Christendom　does　not　maintain　better　the

uniformity　of　faith；　the　fervour　of　devotion；　the　spirit　of

order；　regularity；　and　austere　morals　in　the　great　body　of　the

people；　than　this　very　poorly　endowed　Church　of　Scotland。　All　the

good　effects；　both　civil　and　religious；　which　an　established

church　can　be　supposed　to　produce；　are　produced　by　it　as

completely　as　by　any　other。　The　greater　part　of　the　Protestant

churches　of　Switzerland；　which　in　general　are　not　better　endowed

than　the　Church　of　Scotland；　produce　those　effects　in　a　still

higher　degree。　In　the　greater　part　of　the　Protestant　cantons

there　is　not　a　single　person　to　be　found　who　does　not　profess

himself　to　be　of　the　established　church。　If　he　professes　himself

to　be　of　any　other；　indeed；　the　law　obliges　him　to　leave　the

canton。　But　so　severe；　or　rather　indeed　so　oppressive　a　law；

could　never　have　been　executed　in　such　free　countries　had　not　the

diligence　of　the　clergy　beforehand　converted　to　the　established

church　the　whole　body　of　the　people；　with　the　exception　of；

perhaps；　a　few　individuals　only。　In　some　parts　of　Switzerland；

accordingly；　where；　from　the　accidental　union　of　a　Protestant　and

Roman　Catholic　country；　the　conversion　has　not　been　so　complete；

both　religions　are　not　only　tolerated　but　established　by　law。

　　　　　The　proper　performance　of　every　service　seems　to　require

that　its　pay　or　recompense　should　be；　as　exactly　as　possible；

proportioned　to　the　nature　of　the　service。　If　any　service　is　very

much　underpaid；　it　is　very　apt　to　suffer　by　the　meanness　and

incapacity　of　the　greater　part　of　those　who　are　employed　in　it。

If　it　is　very　much　overpaid；　it　is　apt　to　suffer；　perhaps；　still

more　by　their　negligence　and　idleness。　A　man　of　a　large　revenue；

whatever　may　be　his　profession；　thinks　he　ought　to　live　like

other　men　of　large　revenues；　and　to　spend　a　great　part　of　his

time　in　festivity；　in　vanity；　and　in　dissipation。　But　in　a

clergyman　this　train　of　life　not　only　consumes　the　time　which

ought　to　be　employed　in　the　duties　of　his　function；　but　in　the

eyes　of　the　common　people　destroys　almost　entirely　that　sanctity

of　character　which　can　alone　enable　him　to　perform　those　duties

with　proper　weight　and　authority。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PART　4

　　　　　　　Of　the　Expense　of　Supporting　the　Dignity　of　the　Sovereign　

　　　　　Over　and　above　the　expenses　necessary　for　enabling　the

sovereign　to　perform　his　several　duties；　a　certain　expense　is

requisite　for　the　support　of　his　dignity。　This　expense　varies

both　with　the　different　periods　of　improvement；　and　with　the

different　forms　of　government。

　　　　　In　an　opulent　and　improved　society；　where　all　the　different

orders　of　people　are　growing　every　day　more　expensive　in　their

houses；　in　their　furniture；　in　their　tables；　in　their　dress；　and

in　their　equipage；　it　cannot　well　be　expected　that　the　sovereign

should　alone　hold　out　against　the　fashion。　He　naturally；

therefore；　or　rather　necessarily；　becomes　more　expensive　in　all

those　different　articles　too。　His　dignity　even　seems　to　require

that　he　should　become　so。

　　　　　As　in　point　of　dignity　a　monarch　is　more　raised　above　his

subjects　than　the　chief　magistrate　of　any　republic　is　ever

supposed　to　be　above　his　fellow…citizens；　so　a　greater　expense　is

necessary　for　supporting　that　higher　dignity。　We　naturally　expect

more　splendour　in　the　court　of　a　king　than　in　the　mansion…house

of　a　doge　or　burgomaster。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CONCLUSION　

　　　　　The　expense　of　defending　the　society；　and　that　of　supporting

the　dignity　of　the　chief　magistrate；　are　both　laid　out　for　the

general　benefit　of　the　whole　society。　It　is　reasonable；

therefore；　that　they　should　be　defrayed　by　the　general

contribution　of　the　whole　society；　all　the　different　members

contributing；　as　nearly　as　possible；　in　proportion　to　their

respective　abilities。

　　　　　The　expense　of　the　administration　of　justice；　too；　may；　no

doubt；　be　considered　as　laid　out　for　the　benefit　of　the　whole

society。　There　is　no　impropriety；　therefore；　in　its　being

defrayed　by　the　general　contribution　of　the　whole　society。　The

persons；　however；　who　gave　occasion　to　this　expense　are　those

who；　by　their　injustice　in　one　way　or　another；　make　it　necessary

to　seek　redress　or　protection　from　the　courts　of　justice。　The

persons　again　most　immediately　benefited　by　this　expense　are

those　whom　the　courts　of　justice　either　restore　to　their　rights

or　maintain　in　their　rights。　The　expense　of　the　administration　of

justice；　therefore；　may　very　properly　be　defrayed　by　the

particular　contribution　of　one　or　other；　or　both；　of　those　two

different　sets　of　persons；　according　as　different　occasions　may

require；　that　is；　by　the　fees　of　court。　It　cannot　be　necessary　to

have　recourse　to　the　general　contribution　of　the　whole　society；

except　for　the　conviction　of　those　criminals　who　have　not

themselves　any　estate　or　fund　sufficient　for　paying　those　fees。

　　　　　Those　local　or　provincial　expenses　of　which　the　benefit　is

local　or　provincial　（what　is　laid　out；　for　example；　upon　the

police　of　a　particular　town　or　district）　ought　to　be　defrayed　by

a　local　or　provincial　revenue；　and　ought　to　be　no　burden　upon　the

general　revenue　of　the　society。　It　is　unjust　that　the　whole

society　should　contribute　towards　an　expense　of　which　the　benefit

is　confined　to　a　part　of　the　society。

　　　　　The　expense　of　maintaining　good　roads　and　communications　is；

no　doubt；　beneficial　to　the　whole　society；　and　may；　therefore；

without　any　injustice。　be　defrayed　by　the　general　contribution　of

the　whole　society。　This　expense；　however；　is　most　immediately　and

directly　beneficial　to　those　who　travel　or　carry　goods　from　one

place　to　another；　and　to　those　who　consume　such　goods。　The

turnpike　tolls　in　England；　and　the　duties　called　peages　in　other

countries；　lay　it　altogether　upon　those　two　different　sets　of

people；　and　thereby　discharge　the　general　revenue　of　the　society

from　a　very　considerable　burden。

　　　　　The　expense　of　the　institutions　for　education　and　religious

instruction　is　likewise；　no　doubt；　beneficial　to　the　whole

society；　and　may；　therefore；　without　injustice；　be　defrayed　by

the　general　contribution　of　the　whole　society。　This　expense；

however；　might　perhaps　with　equal　propriety；　and　even　with　some

advantage；　be　defrayed　altogether　by　those　who　receive　the

immediate　benefit　of　such　education　and　instruction；　or　by　the

voluntary　contribution　of　those　who　think　they　have　occasion　for

either　the　one　or　the　other。

　　　　　When　the　institutions　or　public　works　which　are　beneficial

to　the　whole　society　either　cannot　be　maintained　altogether；　or

are　not　maintained　altogether　by　the　contribution　of　such

particular　members　of　the　society　as　are　most　immediately

benefited　by　them；　the　deficiency　must　in　most　cases　be　made　up

by　the　general　contribution　of　the　whole　society。　The　general

revenue　of　the　society；　over　and　above　defraying　the　expense　of

defending　the　society；　and　of　supporting　the　dignity　of　the　chief

magistrate；　must　make　up　for　the　deficiency　of　many　particular

branches　of　revenue。　The　sources　of　this　general　or　public

revenue　I　shall　endeavour　to　explain　in　the　following　chapter。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAPTER　II　　　Of　the　Sources　of　the

General　or　P