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及35何蛍

the critique of pure reason-及35何蛍

弌傍�� the critique of pure reason 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




consequently their objective validity�察�nay the possibility of such a

priori synthetical cognitions ��the deduction thereof�� rests entirely

upon the pure understanding。

  On this account�察�I shall not reckon among my principles those of

mathematics�察�though I shall include those upon the possibility and

objective validity a priori�察�of principles of the mathematical

science�察�which�察�consequently�察�are to be looked upon as the principle

of these�察�and which proceed from conceptions to intuition�察�and not

from intuition to conceptions。

  In the application of the pure conceptions of the understanding to

possible experience�察�the employment of their synthesis is either

mathematical or dynamical�察�for it is directed partly on the

intuition alone�察�partly on the existence of a phenomenon。 But the a

priori conditions of intuition are in relation to a possible

experience absolutely necessary�察�those of the existence of objects

of a possible empirical intuition are in themselves contingent。

Hence the principles of the mathematical use of the categories will

possess a character of absolute necessity�察�that is�察�will be

apodeictic�察�those�察�on the other hand�察�of the dynamical use�察�the

character of an a priori necessity indeed�察�but only under the

condition of empirical thought in an experience�察�therefore only

mediately and indirectly。 Consequently they will not possess that

immediate evidence which is peculiar to the former�察�although their

application to experience does not�察�for that reason�察�lose its truth

and certitude。 But of this point we shall be better able to judge at

the conclusion of this system of principles。

  The table of the categories is naturally our guide to the table of

principles�察�because these are nothing else than rules for the

objective employment of the former。 Accordingly�察�all principles of the

pure understanding are��



                                1

                              Axioms

                           of Intuition



               2                                    3

          Anticipations                          Analogies

          of Perception                        of Experience

                                4

                          Postulates of

                        Empirical Thought

                           in general



  These appellations I have chosen advisedly�察�in order that we might

not lose sight of the distinctions in respect of the evidence and

the employment of these principles。 It will�察�however�察�soon appear

that´ a fact which concerns both the evidence of these principles�察�and

the a priori determination of phenomena´ according to the categories

of quantity and quality ��if we attend merely to the form of these����

the principles of these categories are distinguishable from those of

the two others�察�in as much as the former are possessed of an

intuitive�察�but the latter of a merely discursive�察�though in both

instances a complete�察�certitude。 I shall therefore call the former

mathematical�察�and the latter dynamical principles。* It must be

observed�察�however�察�that by these terms I mean just as little in the

one case the principles of mathematics as those of general

��physical�� dynamics in the other。 I have here in view merely the

principles of the pure understanding�察�in their application to the

internal sense ��without distinction of the representations given

therein���察�by means of which the sciences of mathematics and dynamics

become possible。 Accordingly�察�I have named these principles rather

with reference to their application than their content�察�and I shall

now proceed to consider them in the order in which they stand in the

table。



  *All combination ��conjunctio�� is either composition ��compositio��

or connection ��nexus��。 The former is the synthesis of a manifold��

the parts of which do not necessarily belong to each other。 For

example�察�the two triangles into which a square is divided by a

diagonal�察�do not necessarily belong to each other�察�and of this kind is

the synthesis of the homogeneous in everything that can be

mathematically considered。 This synthesis can be divided into those of

aggregation and coalition�察�the former of which is applied to

extensive�察�the latter to intensive quantities。 The second sort of

combination ��nexus�� is the synthesis of a manifold�察�in so far as its

parts do belong necessarily to each other�察�for example�察�the accident

to a substance�察�or the effect to the cause。 Consequently it is a

synthesis of that which though heterogeneous�察�is represented as

connected a priori。 This combination´ not an arbitrary one´ I

entitle dynamical because it concerns the connection of the

existence of the manifold。 This�察�again�察�may be divided into the

physical synthesis�察�of the phenomena divided among each other�察�and the

metaphysical synthesis�察�or the connection of phenomena a priori in the

faculty of cognition。



                 1。 AXIOMS OF INTUITION。

     The principle of these is�此�All Intuitions are Extensive

                      Quantities。



                         PROOF。



  All phenomena contain�察�as regards their form�察�an intuition in

space and time�察�which lies a priori at the foundation of all without

exception。 Phenomena�察�therefore�察�cannot be apprehended�察�that is��

received into empirical consciousness otherwise than through the

synthesis of a manifold�察�through which the representations of a

determinate space or time are generated�察�that is to say�察�through the

composition of the homogeneous and the consciousness of the

synthetical unity of this manifold ��homogeneous��。 Now the

consciousness of a homogeneous manifold in intuition�察�in so far as

thereby the representation of an object is rendered possible�察�is the

conception of a quantity ��quanti��。 Consequently�察�even the perception

of an object as phenomenon is possible only through the same

synthetical unity of the manifold of the given sensuous intuition��

through which the unity of the composition of the homogeneous manifold

in the conception of a quantity is cogitated�察�that is to say�察�all

phenomena are quantities�察�and extensive quantities�察�because as

intuitions in space or time they must be represented by means of the

same synthesis through which space and time themselves are determined。

  An extensive quantity I call that wherein the representation of

the parts renders possible ��and therefore necessarily antecedes�� the

representation of the whole。 I cannot represent to myself any line��

however small�察�without drawing it in thought�察�that is�察�without

generating from a point all its parts one after another�察�and in this

way alone producing this intuition。 Precisely the same is the case

with every�察�even the smallest�察�portion of time。 I cogitate therein

only the successive progress from one moment to another�察�and hence�察�by

means of the different portions of time and the addition of them�察�a

determinate quantity of time is produced。 As the pure intuition in all

phenomena is either time or space�察�so is every phenomenon in its

character of intuition an extensive quantity�察�inasmuch as it can

only be cognized in our apprehension by successive synthesis ��from

part to part��。 All phenomena are�察�accordingly�察�to be considered as

aggregates�察�that is�察�as a collection of previously given parts��

which is not the case with every sort of quantities�察�but only with

those which are represented and apprehended by us as extensive。

  On this successive synthesis of the productive imagination�察�in the

generation of figures�察�is founded the mathematics of extension�察�or

geometry�察�with its axioms�察�which express the conditions of sensuous

intuition a priori�察�under which alone the schema of a pure

conception of external intuition can exist�察�for example�察 �be tween two

points only one straight line is possible�察─ �two straight lines cannot

enclose a space�察─�etc。 These are the axioms which properly relate only

to quantities ��quanta�� as such。

  But�察�as regards the quantity of a thing ��quantitas���察�that is to say��

the answer to the question�此 �How large is this or that object�拭�

although�察�in respect to this question�察�we have various propositions

synthetical and immediately certain ��indemonstrabilia���察�we have�察�in

the proper sense of the term�察�no axioms。 For example�察�the

propositions�此 �If equals be added to equals�察�the wholes are equal;��

;If equals be taken from equals�察�the remainders are equal;�察�are

analytical�察�because I am immediately conscious of the identity of

the production of the one quantity with the production of the other��

whereas axioms must be a priori synthetical propositions。 On the other

hand�察�the self´evident propositions as to the relation of numbers�察�are

certainly synthetical but not universal�察�like those of geometry�察�and

for this reason cannot be called axioms�察�but numerical formulae。

That 7 �� 5 = 12 is not an analytical proposition。 For neither in the

representation of seven�察�nor of five�察�nor of the composition of the

two numbers�察�do I cogitate the number twelve。 ��Whether I cogitate

the number in the addition of both�察�is not at present the question��

for in the case of an analytical proposition�察�the only point is

whether I really cogitate the predicate in the representation of the

subject。�� But although the proposition is synthetical�察�it is

nevertheless only a singular proposition。 In so far as regard is

here had merely to the synthesis of the homogeneous ��the units���察�it

cannot take place except in one manner�察�although our use of these

numbers is afterwards general。 If I say�此 �A triangle can be

constructed with three lines�察�any two of which taken together are

greater than the third�察─�I exercise merely the pure function of the

productive imagination�察�which may draw the lines longer or shorter and

construct the angles at its pleasure。 On the contrary�察�the number

seven is possible only in one manner�察�and so is likewise the number

twelve�察�which results from the synthesis of seven and five。 Such

propositions��

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