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the critique of pure reason-及69何蛍

弌傍�� the critique of pure reason 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




phenomena�察�the category of substance and its accidents is not suitable

for the formation of a transcendental idea�察�that is to say�察�reason has

no ground�察�in regard to it�察�to proceed regressively with conditions。

For accidents ��in so far as they inhere in a substance�� are

co´ordinated with each other�察�and do not constitute a series。 And��

in relation to substance�察�they are not properly subordinated to it��

but are the mode of existence of the substance itself。 The

conception of the substantial might nevertheless seem to be an idea of

the transcendental reason。 But�察�as this signifies nothing more than

the conception of an object in general�察�which subsists in so far as we

cogitate in it merely a transcendental subject without any predicates��

and as the question here is of an unconditioned in the series of

phenomena´ it is clear that the substantial can form no member

thereof。 The same holds good of substances in community�察�which are

mere aggregates and do not form a series。 For they are not

subordinated to each other as conditions of the possibility of each

other�察�which�察�however�察�may be affirmed of spaces�察�the limits of

which are never determined in themselves�察�but always by some other

space。 It is�察�therefore�察�only in the category of causality that we can

find a series of causes to a given effect�察�and in which we ascend from

the latter�察�as the conditioned�察�to the former as the conditions�察�and

thus answer the question of reason。

  Fourthly�察�the conceptions of the possible�察�the actual�察�and the

necessary do not conduct us to any series´ excepting only in so far as

the contingent in existence must always be regarded as conditioned��

and as indicating�察�according to a law of the understanding�察�a

condition�察�under which it is necessary to rise to a higher�察�till in

the totality of the series�察�reason arrives at unconditioned necessity。

  There are�察�accordingly�察�only four cosmological ideas��

corresponding with the four titles of the categories。 For we can

select only such as necessarily furnish us with a series in the

synthesis of the manifold。



                      1

            The absolute Completeness

                    of the

                 COMPOSITION

     of the given totality of all phenomena。



                      2

            The absolute Completeness

                    of the

                   DIVISION

     of given totality in a phenomenon。



                       3

            The absolute Completeness

                     of the

                   ORIGINATION

                  of a phenomenon。



                       4

            The absolute Completeness

         of the DEPENDENCE of the EXISTENCE

        of what is changeable in a phenomenon。



  We must here remark�察�in the first place�察�that the idea of absolute

totality relates to nothing but the exposition of phenomena�察�and

therefore not to the pure conception of a totality of things。

Phenomena are here�察�therefore�察�regarded as given�察�and reason

requires the absolute completeness of the conditions of their

possibility�察�in so far as these conditions constitute a series´

consequently an absolutely ��that is�察�in every respect�� complete

synthesis�察�whereby a phenomenon can be explained according to the laws

of the understanding。

  Secondly�察�it is properly the unconditioned alone that reason seeks

in this serially and regressively conducted synthesis of conditions。

It wishes�察�to speak in another way�察�to attain to completeness in the

series of premisses�察�so as to render it unnecessary to presuppose

others。 This unconditioned is always contained in the absolute

totality of the series�察�when we endeavour to form a representation

of it in thought。 But this absolutely complete synthesis is itself but

an idea�察�for it is impossible�察�at least before hand�察�to know whether

any such synthesis is possible in the case of phenomena。 When we

represent all existence in thought by means of pure conceptions of the

understanding�察�without any conditions of sensuous intuition�察�we may

say with justice that for a given conditioned the whole series of

conditions subordinated to each other is also given�察�for the former is

only given through the latter。 But we find in the case of phenomena

a particular limitation of the mode in which conditions are given��

that is�察�through the successive synthesis of the manifold of

intuition�察�which must be complete in the regress。 Now whether this

completeness is sensuously possible�察�is a problem。 But the idea of

it lies in the reason´ be it possible or impossible to connect with

the idea adequate empirical conceptions。 Therefore�察�as in the absolute

totality of the regressive synthesis of the manifold in a phenomenon

��following the guidance of the categories�察�which represent it as a

series of conditions to a given conditioned�� the unconditioned is

necessarily contained´ it being still left unascertained whether and

how this totality exists�察�reason sets out from the idea of totality��

although its proper and final aim is the unconditioned´ of the whole

series�察�or of a part thereof。

  This unconditioned may be cogitated´ either as existing only in

the entire series�察�all the members of which therefore would be without

exception conditioned and only the totality absolutely

unconditioned´ and in this case the regressus is called infinite�察�or

the absolutely unconditioned is only a part of the series�察�to which

the other members are subordinated�察�but which Is not itself

submitted to any other condition。* In the former case the series is

a parte priori unlimited ��without beginning���察�that is�察�infinite�察�and

nevertheless completely given。 But the regress in it is never

completed�察�and can only be called potentially infinite。 In the

second case there exists a first in the series。 This first is

called�察�in relation to past time�察�the beginning of the world�察�in

relation to space�察�the limit of the world�察�in relation to the parts of

a given limited whole�察�the simple�察�in relation to causes�察�absolute

spontaneity ��liberty���察�and in relation to the existence of

changeable things�察�absolute physical necessity。



  *The absolute totality of the series of conditions to a given

conditioned is always unconditioned�察�because beyond it there exist

no other conditions�察�on which it might depend。 But the absolute

totality of such a series is only an idea�察�or rather a problematical

conception�察�the possibility of which must be investigated´

particularly in relation to the mode in which the unconditioned�察�as

the transcendental idea which is the real subject of inquiry�察�may be

contained therein。



  We possess two expressions�察�world and nature�察�which are generally

interchanged。 The first denotes the mathematical total of all

phenomena and the totality of their synthesis´ in its progress by

means of composition�察�as well as by division。 And the world is

termed nature��* when it is regarded as a dynamical whole´ when our

attention is not directed to the aggregation in space and time�察�for

the purpose of cogitating it as a quantity�察�but to the unity in the

existence of phenomena。 In this case the condition of that which

happens is called a cause�察�the unconditioned causality of the cause in

a phenomenon is termed liberty�察�the conditioned cause is called in a

more limited sense a natural cause。 The conditioned in existence is

termed contingent�察�and the unconditioned necessary。 The

unconditioned necessity of phenomena may be called natural necessity。



  *Nature�察�understood adjective ��formaliter���察�signifies the complex of

the determinations of a thing�察�connected according to an internal

principle of causality。 On the other hand�察�we understand by nature��

substantive ��materialiter���察�the sum total of phenomena�察�in so far as

they�察�by virtue of an internal principle of causality�察�are connected

with each other throughout。 In the former sense we speak of the nature

of liquid matter�察�of fire�察�etc。�察�and employ the word only adjective��

while�察�if speaking of the objects of nature�察�we have in our minds

the idea of a subsisting whole。



  The ideas which we are at present engaged in discussing I have

called cosmological ideas�察�partly because by the term world is

understood the entire content of all phenomena�察�and our ideas are

directed solely to the unconditioned among phenomena�察�partly also��

because world�察�in the transcendental sense�察�signifies the absolute

totality of the content of existing things�察�and we are directing our

attention only to the completeness of the synthesis´ although��

properly�察�only in regression。 In regard to the fact that these ideas

are all transcendent。 and�察�although they do not transcend phenomena as

regards their mode�察�but are concerned solely with the world of sense

��and not with noumena���察�nevertheless carry their synthesis to a degree

far above all possible experience´ it still seems to me that we can��

with perfect propriety�察�designate them cosmical conceptions。 As

regards the distinction between the mathematically and the dynamically

unconditioned which is the aim of the regression of the synthesis�察�I

should call the two former�察�in a more limited signification��

cosmical conceptions�察�the remaining two transcendent physical

conceptions。 This distinction does not at present seem to be of

particular importance�察�but we shall afterwards find it to be of some

value。





           SECTION II。 Antithetic of Pure Reason。



  Thetic is the term applied to every collection of dogmatical

propositions。 By antithetic I do not understand dogmatical

assertions of the opposite�察�but the self´contradiction of seemingly

dogmatical cognitions ��thesis cum antithesis�察�in none of which we

can discover any decided superiority。 Antithetic is not�察�therefore��

occupied with one´sided statements�察�but is engaged in considering

the contradictory nature of the general cognitions of reason and its

causes。 Transcendental antithetic is an investigatio

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