the critique of pure reason-及69何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
phenomena�察�the category of substance and its accidents is not suitable
for the formation of a transcendental idea�察�that is to say�察�reason has
no ground�察�in regard to it�察�to proceed regressively with conditions。
For accidents ��in so far as they inhere in a substance�� are
co´ordinated with each other�察�and do not constitute a series。 And��
in relation to substance�察�they are not properly subordinated to it��
but are the mode of existence of the substance itself。 The
conception of the substantial might nevertheless seem to be an idea of
the transcendental reason。 But�察�as this signifies nothing more than
the conception of an object in general�察�which subsists in so far as we
cogitate in it merely a transcendental subject without any predicates��
and as the question here is of an unconditioned in the series of
phenomena´ it is clear that the substantial can form no member
thereof。 The same holds good of substances in community�察�which are
mere aggregates and do not form a series。 For they are not
subordinated to each other as conditions of the possibility of each
other�察�which�察�however�察�may be affirmed of spaces�察�the limits of
which are never determined in themselves�察�but always by some other
space。 It is�察�therefore�察�only in the category of causality that we can
find a series of causes to a given effect�察�and in which we ascend from
the latter�察�as the conditioned�察�to the former as the conditions�察�and
thus answer the question of reason。
Fourthly�察�the conceptions of the possible�察�the actual�察�and the
necessary do not conduct us to any series´ excepting only in so far as
the contingent in existence must always be regarded as conditioned��
and as indicating�察�according to a law of the understanding�察�a
condition�察�under which it is necessary to rise to a higher�察�till in
the totality of the series�察�reason arrives at unconditioned necessity。
There are�察�accordingly�察�only four cosmological ideas��
corresponding with the four titles of the categories。 For we can
select only such as necessarily furnish us with a series in the
synthesis of the manifold。
1
The absolute Completeness
of the
COMPOSITION
of the given totality of all phenomena。
2
The absolute Completeness
of the
DIVISION
of given totality in a phenomenon。
3
The absolute Completeness
of the
ORIGINATION
of a phenomenon。
4
The absolute Completeness
of the DEPENDENCE of the EXISTENCE
of what is changeable in a phenomenon。
We must here remark�察�in the first place�察�that the idea of absolute
totality relates to nothing but the exposition of phenomena�察�and
therefore not to the pure conception of a totality of things。
Phenomena are here�察�therefore�察�regarded as given�察�and reason
requires the absolute completeness of the conditions of their
possibility�察�in so far as these conditions constitute a series´
consequently an absolutely ��that is�察�in every respect�� complete
synthesis�察�whereby a phenomenon can be explained according to the laws
of the understanding。
Secondly�察�it is properly the unconditioned alone that reason seeks
in this serially and regressively conducted synthesis of conditions。
It wishes�察�to speak in another way�察�to attain to completeness in the
series of premisses�察�so as to render it unnecessary to presuppose
others。 This unconditioned is always contained in the absolute
totality of the series�察�when we endeavour to form a representation
of it in thought。 But this absolutely complete synthesis is itself but
an idea�察�for it is impossible�察�at least before hand�察�to know whether
any such synthesis is possible in the case of phenomena。 When we
represent all existence in thought by means of pure conceptions of the
understanding�察�without any conditions of sensuous intuition�察�we may
say with justice that for a given conditioned the whole series of
conditions subordinated to each other is also given�察�for the former is
only given through the latter。 But we find in the case of phenomena
a particular limitation of the mode in which conditions are given��
that is�察�through the successive synthesis of the manifold of
intuition�察�which must be complete in the regress。 Now whether this
completeness is sensuously possible�察�is a problem。 But the idea of
it lies in the reason´ be it possible or impossible to connect with
the idea adequate empirical conceptions。 Therefore�察�as in the absolute
totality of the regressive synthesis of the manifold in a phenomenon
��following the guidance of the categories�察�which represent it as a
series of conditions to a given conditioned�� the unconditioned is
necessarily contained´ it being still left unascertained whether and
how this totality exists�察�reason sets out from the idea of totality��
although its proper and final aim is the unconditioned´ of the whole
series�察�or of a part thereof。
This unconditioned may be cogitated´ either as existing only in
the entire series�察�all the members of which therefore would be without
exception conditioned and only the totality absolutely
unconditioned´ and in this case the regressus is called infinite�察�or
the absolutely unconditioned is only a part of the series�察�to which
the other members are subordinated�察�but which Is not itself
submitted to any other condition。* In the former case the series is
a parte priori unlimited ��without beginning���察�that is�察�infinite�察�and
nevertheless completely given。 But the regress in it is never
completed�察�and can only be called potentially infinite。 In the
second case there exists a first in the series。 This first is
called�察�in relation to past time�察�the beginning of the world�察�in
relation to space�察�the limit of the world�察�in relation to the parts of
a given limited whole�察�the simple�察�in relation to causes�察�absolute
spontaneity ��liberty���察�and in relation to the existence of
changeable things�察�absolute physical necessity。
*The absolute totality of the series of conditions to a given
conditioned is always unconditioned�察�because beyond it there exist
no other conditions�察�on which it might depend。 But the absolute
totality of such a series is only an idea�察�or rather a problematical
conception�察�the possibility of which must be investigated´
particularly in relation to the mode in which the unconditioned�察�as
the transcendental idea which is the real subject of inquiry�察�may be
contained therein。
We possess two expressions�察�world and nature�察�which are generally
interchanged。 The first denotes the mathematical total of all
phenomena and the totality of their synthesis´ in its progress by
means of composition�察�as well as by division。 And the world is
termed nature��* when it is regarded as a dynamical whole´ when our
attention is not directed to the aggregation in space and time�察�for
the purpose of cogitating it as a quantity�察�but to the unity in the
existence of phenomena。 In this case the condition of that which
happens is called a cause�察�the unconditioned causality of the cause in
a phenomenon is termed liberty�察�the conditioned cause is called in a
more limited sense a natural cause。 The conditioned in existence is
termed contingent�察�and the unconditioned necessary。 The
unconditioned necessity of phenomena may be called natural necessity。
*Nature�察�understood adjective ��formaliter���察�signifies the complex of
the determinations of a thing�察�connected according to an internal
principle of causality。 On the other hand�察�we understand by nature��
substantive ��materialiter���察�the sum total of phenomena�察�in so far as
they�察�by virtue of an internal principle of causality�察�are connected
with each other throughout。 In the former sense we speak of the nature
of liquid matter�察�of fire�察�etc。�察�and employ the word only adjective��
while�察�if speaking of the objects of nature�察�we have in our minds
the idea of a subsisting whole。
The ideas which we are at present engaged in discussing I have
called cosmological ideas�察�partly because by the term world is
understood the entire content of all phenomena�察�and our ideas are
directed solely to the unconditioned among phenomena�察�partly also��
because world�察�in the transcendental sense�察�signifies the absolute
totality of the content of existing things�察�and we are directing our
attention only to the completeness of the synthesis´ although��
properly�察�only in regression。 In regard to the fact that these ideas
are all transcendent。 and�察�although they do not transcend phenomena as
regards their mode�察�but are concerned solely with the world of sense
��and not with noumena���察�nevertheless carry their synthesis to a degree
far above all possible experience´ it still seems to me that we can��
with perfect propriety�察�designate them cosmical conceptions。 As
regards the distinction between the mathematically and the dynamically
unconditioned which is the aim of the regression of the synthesis�察�I
should call the two former�察�in a more limited signification��
cosmical conceptions�察�the remaining two transcendent physical
conceptions。 This distinction does not at present seem to be of
particular importance�察�but we shall afterwards find it to be of some
value。
SECTION II。 Antithetic of Pure Reason。
Thetic is the term applied to every collection of dogmatical
propositions。 By antithetic I do not understand dogmatical
assertions of the opposite�察�but the self´contradiction of seemingly
dogmatical cognitions ��thesis cum antithesis�察�in none of which we
can discover any decided superiority。 Antithetic is not�察�therefore��
occupied with one´sided statements�察�but is engaged in considering
the contradictory nature of the general cognitions of reason and its
causes。 Transcendental antithetic is an investigatio