the unseen world and other essays-第51部分
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
part fragmentarily； he catches the spirit of the ensemble。 And in this way he will very likely exaggerate in his works the general average of contemporary feeling。
Lastly； our author reminds us that a man who writes or paints does not remain alone before his easel or his writing…desk。 He goes out； looks about him； receives suggestions from friends； from rivals； from books； and works of art whenever accessible； and hears the criticisms of the public upon his own productions and those of his contemporaries。 In order to succeed； he must not only satisfy to some extent the popular taste； but he must feel that the public is in sympathy with him。 If in this period of social decadence and gloom he endeavours to represent gay； brilliant； or triumphant ideas； he will find himself left to his own resources； and； as Taine rightly says； the power of an isolated man is always insignificant。 His work will be likely to be mediocre。 If he attempts to write like Rabelais or paint like Rubens； he will get neither assistance nor sympathy from a public which prefers the pictures of Rembrandt； the melodies of Chopin； and the poetry of Heine。
Having thus explained his position by this extreme instance； signified for the sake of clearness； Taine goes on to apply such general considerations to four historic epochs； taken in all their complexity。 He discusses the aspect presented by art in ancient Greece； in the feudal and Catholic Middle Ages； in the centralized monarchies of the seventeenth century； and in the scientific； industrial democracy in which we now live。 Out of these we shall select； as perhaps the simplest； the case of ancient Greece； still following our author closely； though necessarily omitting many interesting details。
The ancient Greeks； observes Taine； understood life in a new and original manner。 Their energies were neither absorbed by a great religious conception； as in the case of the Hindus and Egyptians； nor by a vast social organization； as in the case of the Assyrians and Persians； nor by a purely industrial and commercial regime； as in the case of the Phoenicians and Carthaginians。 Instead of a theocracy or a rigid system of castes； instead of a monarchy with a hierarchy of civil officials； the men of this race invented a peculiar institution； the City； each city giving rise to others like itself； and from colony to colony reproducing itself indefinitely。 A single Greek city； for instance； Miletos； produced three hundred other cities； colonizing with them the entire coast of the Black Sea。 Each city was substantially self…ruling； and the idea of a coalescence of several cities into a nation was one which the Greek mind rarely conceived； and never was able to put into operation。
In these cities； labour was for the most part carried on by slaves。 In Athens there were four or five for each citizen； and in places like Korinth and Aigina the slave population is said to have numbered four or five hundred thousand。 Besides； the Greek citizen had little need of personal service。 He lived out of doors； and； like most Southern people； was comparatively abstemious in his habits。 His dinners were slight； his clothing was simple； his house was scantily furnished； being intended chiefly for a den to sleep in。
Serving neither king nor priest； the citizen was free and sovereign in his own city。 He elected his own magistrates； and might himself serve as city…ruler； as juror； or as judge。 Representation was unknown。 Legislation was carried on by all the citizens assembled in mass。 Therefore politics and war were the sole or chief employments of the citizen。 War； indeed； came in for no slight share of his attention。 For society was not so well protected as in these modern days。 Most of these Greek cities； scattered over the coasts of the Aigeian； the Black Sea； and the Mediterranean； were surrounded by tribes of barbarians； Scythians； Gauls Spaniards； and Africans。 The citizen must therefore keep on his guard； like the Englishman of to…day in New Zealand； or like the inhabitant of a Massachusetts town in tho seventeenth century。 Otherwise Gauls Samnites； or Bithynians； as savage as North American Indians； would be sure to encamp upon the blackened ruins of his town。 Moreover； the Greek cities had their quarrels with each other； and their laws of war were very barbarous。 A conquered city was liable to be razed to the ground； its male inhabitants put to the sword； its women sold as slaves。 Under such circumstances； according to Taine's happy expression； a citizen must be a politician and warrior； on pain of death。 And not only fear； but ambition also tended to make him so。 For each city strove to subject or to humiliate its neighbours； to acquire tribute； or to exact homage from its rivals。 Thus the citizen passed his life in the public square； discussing alliances； treaties； and constitutions； hearing speeches； or speaking himself； and finally going aboard of his ship to fight his neighbour Greeks； or to sail against Egypt or Persia。
War （and politics as subsidiary to it） was then the chief pursuit of life。 But as there was no organized industry； so there were no machines of warfare。 All fighting was done hand to hand。 Therefore； the great thing in preparing for war was not to transform the soldiers into precisely…acting automata； as in a modern army； but to make each separate soldier as vigorous and active as possible。 The leading object of Greek education was to make men physically perfect。 In this respect； Sparta may be taken as the typical Greek community； for nowhere else was physical development so entirely made the great end of social life。 In these matters Sparta was always regarded by the other cities as taking the lead；as having attained the ideal after which all alike were striving。 Now Sparta； situated in the midst of a numerous conquered population of Messenians and Helots； was partly a great gymnasium and partly a perpetual camp。 Her citizens were always in training。 The entire social constitution of Sparta was shaped with a view to the breeding and bringing up of a strong and beautiful race。 Feeble or ill…formed infants were put to death。 The age at which citizens might marry was prescribed by law； and the State paired off men and women as the modern breeder pairs off horses； with a sole view to the excellence of the off…spring。 A wife was not a helpmate； but a bearer of athletes。 Women boxed； wrestled； and raced； a circumstance referred to in the following passage of Aristophanes； as rendered by Mr。 Felton：
LYSISTRATA。 Hail！ Lampito； dearest of Lakonian women。 How shines thy beauty； O my sweetest friend！ How fair thy colour； full of life thy frame！ Why； thou couldst choke a bull。
LAMPITO。 Yes； by the Twain； For I do practice the gymnastic art； And； leaping； strike my backbone with my heels。 LYSISTRATA。 In sooth； thy bust is lovely to behold。
The young men lived together； like soldiers in a camp。 They ate out…of…doors； at a public table。 Their fare was as simple as that of a modern university boat…crew before a race。 They slept in the open air； and spent their waking hours in wrestling； boxing； running races； throwing quoits； and engaging in mock battles。 This was the way in which the Spartans lived； and though no other city carried this discipline to such an extent； yet in all a very large portion of the citizen's life was spent in making himself hardy and robust。
The ideal man； in the eyes of a Greek； was； therefore not the contemplative or delicately susceptible thinker but the naked athlete； with firm flesh and swelling muscles。 Most of their barbarian neighbours were ashamed to be seen undressed； but the Greeks seem to have felt little embarrassment in appearing naked in public。 Their gymnastic habits entirely transformed their sense of shame。 Their Olympic and other public games were a triumphant display of naked physical perfection。 Young men of the noblest families and from the farthest Greek colonies came to them； and wrestled and ran； undraped； before countless multitudes of admiring spectators。 Note； too； as significant； that the Greek era began with the Olympic games； and that time was reckoned by the intervals between them； as well as the fact that the grandest lyric poetry of antiquity was written in celebration of these gymnastic contests。 The victor in the foot…race gave his name to the current Olympiad； and on reaching home； was received by his fellow…citizens as if he had been a general returning from a successful campaign。 To be the most beautiful man in Greece was in the eyes of a Greek the height of human felicity； and with the Greeks； beauty necessarily included strength。 So ardently did this gifted people admire corporeal perfection that they actually worshipped it。 According to Herodotos； a young Sicilian was deified on account of his beauty； and after his death altars were raised to him。 The vast intellectual power of Plato and Sokrates did not prevent them from sharing this universal enthusiasm。 Poets like Sophokles； and statesmen like Alexander； thought it not beneath their dignity to engage publicly in gymnastic sports。
Their conceptions of divinity were framed in accordance with these general habits。 Though sometimes； as in the case of Hephaistos； the exigencies of the particular myth required the deity to be physically imperfect； yet ordinarily the Greek god was simply an immortal man； complete in strength and beauty。 The deity was not invested with the human form as a mere symbol。 They could conceive no loftier way of representing him。 The grandest statue； expressing most adequately the calmness of absolutely unfettered strength； might well； in their eyes； be a veritable portrait of divinity。 To a Greek； beauty of form was a consecrated thing。 More than once a culprit got off with his life because it would have been thought sacrilegious to put an end to such a symmetrical creature。 And for a similar reason； the Greeks； though perhaps not more humane than the Europeans of the Middle Ages； rarely allowed the human body to be mutilated or tortured。 The condemned criminal must be marred as little as possible； and he was； therefore； quietly poisoned； instead of being hung； beheaded； or broken on the wheel。
Is not t
