history of florence-第7部分

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for　the　pontiff　but　afterward　put　his　holiness　and　all　his　clergy　in

prison；　nor　did　he　release　them　till　it　was　conceded　that　he　should

dispose　of　the　churches　of　Germany　according　to　his　own　pleasure。

About　this　time；　the　Countess　Matilda　died；　and　made　the　church　heir

to　all　her　territories。　After　the　deaths　of　Pascal　and　Henry　IV。　many

popes　and　emperors　followed；　till　the　papacy　was　occupied　by　Alexander

III。　and　the　empire　by　Frederick；　surnamed　Barbarossa。　The　popes

during　this　period　had　met　with　many　difficulties　from　the　people　of

Rome　and　the　emperors；　and　in　the　time　of　Barbarossa　they　were　much

increased。　Frederick　possessed　military　talent；　but　was　so　full　of

pride　that　he　would　not　submit　to　the　pontiff。　However；　at　his

election　to　the　empire　he　came　to　Rome　to　be　crowned；　and　returned

peaceably　to　Germany；　where　he　did　not　long　remain　in　the　same　mind；

but　came　again　into　Italy　to　subdue　certain　places　in　Lombardy；　which

did　not　obey　him。　It　happened　at　this　time　that　the　cardinal　St。

Clement；　of　a　Roman　family；　separated　from　Alexander；　and　was　made

pope　by　some　of　the　cardinals。　The　Emperor　Frederick；　being　encamped

at　Cerma；　Alexander　complained　to　him　of　the　anti…pope；　and　received

for　answer；　that　they　were　both　to　go　to　him；　and；　having　heard　each

side；　he　would　determine　which　was　the　true　pope。　This　reply

displeased　Alexander；　and；　as　he　saw　the　emperor　was　inclined　to　favor

the　anti…pope；　he　excommunicated　him；　and　then　fled　to　Philip；　king　of

France。　Frederick；　in　the　meantime；　carrying　on　the　war　in　Lombardy；

destroyed　Milan；　which　caused　the　union　of　Verona；　Padua；　and　Vicenza

against　him　for　their　common　defense。　About　the　same　period　the　anti…

pope　died；　and　Frederick　set　up　Guido　of　Cremona；　in　his　stead。



The　Romans；　from　the　absence　of　the　pope；　and　from　the　emperor　being

in　Lombardy；　had　reacquired　some　authority　in　Rome；　and　proceeded　to

recover　the　obedience　of　those　places　which　had　been　subject　to　them。

And　as　the　people　of　Tusculum　refused　to　submit　to　their　authority；

they　proceeded　against　them　with　their　whole　force；　but　these；　being

assisted　by　Frederick；　routed　the　Roman　army　with　such　dreadful

slaughter；　that　Rome　was　never　after　either　so　populous　or　so　rich。

Alexander　now　returned　to　the　city；　thinking　he　could　be　safe　there　on

account　of　the　enmity　subsisting　between　the　Romans　and　the　emperor；

and　from　the　enemies　which　the　latter　had　in　Lombardy。　But　Frederick；

setting　aside　every　other　consideration；　led　his　forces　and　encamped

before　Rome；　and　Alexander　fled　to　William；　king　of　Puglia；　who　had

become　hair　of　that　kingdom　after　the　death　of　Roger。　Frederick；

however；　withdrew　from　Rome　on　account　of　the　plague　which　then

prevailed；　and　returned　to　Germany。　The　cities　of　Lombardy　in　league

against　him；　in　order　to　command　Pavia　and　Tortona；　which　adhered　to

the　imperial　party；　built　a　city；　to　be　their　magazine　in　time　of　war；

and　named　in　Alexandria；　in　honor　of　the　pope　and　in　contempt　of

Frederick。



Guido　the　anti…pope　died；　and　Giovanni　of　Fermo　was　appointed　in　his

stead；　who；　being　favored　by　the　imperialists；　lived　at　Montefiascone。

Pope　Alexander　being　at　Tusculum；　whither　he　had　been　called　by　the

inhabitants；　that　with　his　authority　he　might　defend　them　from　the

Romans；　ambassadors　came　to　him　from　Henry；　king　of　England；　to

signify　that　he　was　not　blamable　for　the　death　of　Thomas　？Becket；

archbishop　of　Canterbury；　although　public　report　had　slandered　him

with　it。　On　this　the　pope　sent　two　cardinals　to　England；　to　inquire

into　the　truth　of　the　matter；　and　although　they　found　no　actual　charge

against　the　king；　still；　on　account　of　the　infamy　of　the　crime；　and

for　not　having　honored　the　archbishop　so　much　as　he　deserved；　the

sentence　against　the　king　of　England　was；　that　having　called　together

the　barons　of　his　empire；　he　should　upon　oath　before　them　affirm　his

innocence；　that　he　should　immediately　send　two　hundred　soldiers　to

Jerusalem；　paid　for　one　year；　that；　before　the　end　of　three　years；　he

should　himself　proceed　thither　with　as　large　an　army　as　he　could　draw

together；　that　his　subjects　should　have　the　power　of　appealing　to　Rome

when　they　thought　proper；　and　that　he　should　annul　whatever　acts　had

been　passed　in　his　kingdom　unfavorable　to　ecclesiastical　rule。　These

terms　were　all　accepted　by　Henry；　and　thus　a　great　king　submitted　to　a

sentence　that　in　our　day　a　private　person　would　have　been　ashamed　of。

But　while　the　pope　exercised　so　great　authority　over　distant　princes；

he　could　not　compel　obedience　from　the　Romans　themselves；　or　obtain

their　consent　that　he　should　remain　in　Rome；　even　though　he　promised

to　intermeddle　only　with　ecclesiastical　affairs。



About　this　time　Frederick　returned　to　Italy；　and　while　he　was

preparing　to　carry　on　new　wars　against　the　pope；　his　prelates　and

barons　declared　that　they　would　abandon　him　unless　he　reconciled

himself　with　the　church；　so　that　he　was　obliged　to　go　and　submit　to

the　pope　at　Venus；　where　a　pacification　was　effected；　but　in　which　the

pope　deprived　the　emperor　of　all　authority　over　Rome；　and　named

William；　king　of　Sicily　and　Puglia；　a　coadjutor　with　him。　Frederick；

unable　to　exist　without　war；　joined　the　crusaders　in　Asia；　that　he

might　exercise　that　ambition　against　Mohammed；　which　he　could　not

gratify　against　the　vicars　of　Christ。　And　being　near　the　river　Cydnus；

tempted　by　the　clearness　of　its　waters；　bathed　therein；　took　cold；　and

died。　Thus　the　river　did　a　greater　favor　to　the　Mohammedans　than　the

pope's　excommunications　had　done　to　the　Christians；　for　the　latter

only　checked　his　pride；　while　the　former　finished　his　career。

Frederick　being　dead；　the　pope　had　now　only　to　suppress　the　contumacy

of　the　Romans；　and；　after　many　disputes　concerning　the　creation　of

consuls；　it　was　agreed　that　they　should　elect　them　as　they　had　been

accustomed　to　do；　but　that　these　should　not　undertake　the　office；　till

they　had　first　sworn　to　be　faithful　to　the　church。　This　agreement

being　made；　Giovanni　the　anti…pope　took　refuge　in　Mount　Albano；　where

he　shortly　afterward　died。　William；　king　of　Naples；　died　about　the

same　time；　and　the　pope　intended　to　occupy　that　kingdom　on　the　ground

that　the　king　had　left　only　a　natural　son　named　Tancred。　But　the

barons　would　not　consent；　and　wished　that　Tancred　should　be　king。

Celestine　III。；　the　then　pope；　anxious　to　snatch　the　kingdom　from　the

hands　of　Tancred；　contrived　that　Henry；　son　of　Frederick　should　be

elected　emperor；　and　promised　him　the　kingdom　on　the　condition　that　he

should　restore　to　the　church　all　the　places　that　had　belonged　to　her。

To　facilitate　this　affair；　he　caused　Gostanza；　a　daughter　of　William；

who　had　been　placed　in　a　monastery　and　was　now　old；　to　be　brought　from

her　seclusion　and　become　the　wife　of　Henry。　Thus　the　kingdom　of　Naples

passed　from　the　Normans；　who　had　been　the　founders　of　it；　to　the

Germans。　As　soon　as　the　affairs　of　Germany　were　arranged；　the　Emperor

Henry　came　into　Italy　with　Gostanza　his　wife；　and　a　son　about　four

years　of　age　named　Frederick；　and；　as　Tancred　was　now　dead；　leaving

only　an　infant　named　Roger；　he　took　possession　of　the　kingdom　without

much　difficulty。　After　some　years；　Henry　died　in　Sicily；　and　was

succeeded　in　the　kingdom　by　Frederick；　and　in　the　empire　by　Otho；　duke

of　Saxony；　who　was　elected　through　the　influence　of　Innocent　III。　But

as　soon　as　he　had　taken　the　crown；　contrary　to　the　general

expectation；　he　became　an　enemy　of　the　pope；　occupied　Romagna；　and

prepared　to　attack　the　kingdom。　On　this　account　the　pope

excommunicated　him；　he　was　abandoned　by　every　one；　and　the　electors

appointed　Frederick；　king　of　Naples；　emperor　in　his　stead。　Frederick

came　to　Rome　for　his　coronation；　but　the　pope；　being　afraid　of　his

power；　would　not　crown　him；　and　endeavored　to　withdraw　him　from　Italy

as　he　had　done　Otho。　Frederick　returned　to　Germany　in　anger；　and；

after　many　battles　with　Otho；　at　length　conquered　him。　Meanwhile；

Innocent　died；　who；　besides　other　excellent　works；　built　the　hospital

of　the　Holy　Ghost　at　Rome。　He　was　succeeded　by　Honorius　III。；　in　whose

time　the　religious　orders　of　St。　Dominic　and　St。　Francis　were　founded；

1218。　Honorius　crowned　Frederick；　to　whom　Giovanni；　descended　from

Baldwin；　king　of　Jerusalem；　who　commanded　the　remainder　of　the

Christian　army　in　Asia　and　still　held　that　title；　gave　a　daughter　in

marriage；　and；　with　her　portion；　conceded　to　him　the　title　to　that

kingdom：　hence　it　is　that　every　king　of　Naples　is　called　king　of

Jerusalem。







CHAPTER　V



　　The　state　of　ItalyBeginning　of　the　greatness　of　the　house　of

　　EsteGuelphs　and　GhibellinesDeath　of　the　Emperor　Frederick　II。

　　Manfred　takes　possession　of　the　kingdom　of　NaplesMovements　of

　　the　Guelphs　and　Ghibellines　in　LombardyCharles　of　Anjou　invested

　　by　the　pope　with　the　kingdom　of　Naples　and　SicilyRestless　policy

　　of　the　popesAmbitious　views　of　pope　Nicholas　III。Nephews　of

　　the　popesSicilian　vespersThe　Emperor　Rodolph　allows　many

　　cities　to　purchase　their　independenceInstitution　of　the　jubilee

　　The　popes　at　Avignon。



At　this　time　the　states　of　Italy　were　governed　in　the　following

manner：　the　Romans　no　longer　elected　consuls；　but　instead　of　them；　and

with　the　same　powers；　they　appointed　one　senator；　and　sometimes　more。

The　league　which　the　cities　of　Lombardy　had　formed　against　Frederick

Barbarossa　still　continued；　and　comprehended　Milan；　Brescia；　Mantua；

and　the　greater　number　of　the　cities　of　Romagna；　together　with　Verona；

Vicenza；　Padua；　and　Trevisa。　Those　which　took　part　with　the　emperor；

were　Cremona；　Bergamo；　Parma；　Reggio；　and　Trento。　The　other　cities　and

fortresses　of　Lombardy；　Romagna；　and　the　march　of　Trevisa；　favored；

according　to　their　necessities；　sometimes　one　party；　sometimes　the

other。



In　the　time　of　Otho　III。　there　had　come　into　Italy　a　man　called

Ezelin；　who；　remaining　in　the　country；　had　a　son；　a