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                    AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



AN ACCOUNT OF 

                    EGYPT 



                         By Herodotus 



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                                 AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



                                         NOTE 



     HERODOTUS was   born   at   Halicarnassus�察�on the  southwest   coast   of 

Asia Minor�察�in the early part of the fifth century�察�B。 C。 Of his life we know 

almost   nothing�察  �except   that   he   spent   much   of   it   traveling�察  �to   collect   the 

material   for   his   writings�察  �and   that   he   finally   settled   down   at   Thurii�察  �in 

southern Italy�察�where his great work was composed。 He died in 424 B。 C。 

     The   subject   of   the   history   of   Herodotus   is   the   struggle   between   the 

Greeks and the barbarians�察�which he brings down to the battle of Mycale 

in 479 B。 C。 The work�察�as we have it�察�is divided into nine books�察�named 

after the nine Muses�察�but this division is probably due to the Alexandrine 

grammarians。 His information he gathered mainly from oral sources�察�as he 

traveled through Asia Minor�察�down into Egypt�察�round the Black Sea�察�and 

into    various     parts   of   Greece     and    the   neighboring       countries。    The 

chronological   narrative   halts   from   time   to   time   to   give   opportunity   for 

descriptions   of   the   country�察  �the   people�察  �and   their   customs   and   previous 

history�察  �and   the   political   account   is   constantly   varied   by   rare   tales   and 

wonders。 

     Among   these   descriptions        of   countries   the   most   fascinating   to   the 

modern�察�as it was to the ancient�察�reader is his account of the marvels of the 

land of Egypt。 From the priests at Memphis�察�Heliopolis�察�and the Egyptian 

Thebes he learned what he reports of the size of the country�察�the wonders 

of   the   Nile�察  �the  ceremonies      of  their  religion�察   �the  sacredness     of  their 

animals。   He   tells   also   of   the   strange   ways   of   the   crocodile   and   of   that 

marvelous bird�察�the Phoenix�察�of dress and funerals and embalming�察�of the 

eating   of   lotos   and   papyrus�察  �of   the   pyramids   and   the   great   labyrinth�察  �of 

their kings and queens and courtesans。 

     Yet Herodotus is not a mere teller of strange tales。 However credulous 

he may appear to a modern judgment�察�he takes care to keep separate what 

he knows by his own observation from what he has merely inferred and 

from what he has been told。 He is candid about acknowledging ignorance�察�

and    when     versions    differ   he  gives    both。   Thus    the  modern      scientific 

historian�察  �with   other   means   of   corroboration�察  �can   sometimes   learn   from 

Herodotus more than Herodotus himself knew。 



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                                  AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



     There is abundant evidence�察�too�察�that Herodotus had a philosophy of 

history。   The   unity   which   marks   his   work   is   due   not   only   to   the   strong 

Greek national feeling running through it�察�the feeling that rises to a height 

in    such    passages      as   the   descriptions      of   the   battles    of   Marathon�察�

Thermopylae�察�and Salamis�察�but also to his profound belief in Fate and in 

Nemesis。 To his belief in Fate is due the frequent quoting of oracles and 

their    fulfilment�察    �the    frequent     references     to   things    foreordained       by 

Providence。 The working of Nemesis he finds in the disasters that befall 

men and nations whose towering   prosperity awakens the jealousy of   the 

gods。 The final overthrow of the Persians�察�which forms his main theme�察�is 

only one specially conspicuous example of the operation of this force from 

which human life can never free itself。 

     But�察  �above   all�察  �he   is   the   father   of   story´tellers。   ;Herodotus   is   such 

simple   and   delightful   reading�察─       �says   Jevons�察   �he    is   so   unaffected   and 

entertaining�察�his story flows so naturally and with such ease that we have a 

difficulty in bearing in mind that�察�over and above the hard writing which 

goes   to   make   easy   reading   there   is   a   perpetual   marvel   in   the   work   of 

Herodotus。       It  is  the  first  artistic   work    in  prose    that   Greek    literature 

produced。  This   prose   work�察  �which   for   pure   literary   merit   no   subsequent 

work has surpassed�察�than which later generations�察�after using the pen for 

centuries�察�have produced no prose more easy or   more readable�察�this was 

the first of histories and of literary prose。; 



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                                AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



              AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



     When   Cyrus   had   brought   his   life   to   an   end�察  �Cambyses   received   the 

royal power in succession�察�being the son of Cyrus and of Cassandane the 

daughter   of   Pharnaspes�察  �for   whose   death�察  �which   came   about   before   his 

own�察�Cyrus had made great mourning himself and also had proclaimed to 

all those over whom he bore rule that they should make mourning for her�此�

Cambyses�察�I say�察�being the son of this woman and of Cyrus�察�regarded the 

Ionians and Aiolians as slaves inherited from his father�察�and he proceeded 

to march an army against Egypt�察�taking with him as helpers not only other 

nations of which he was ruler�察�but also those of the Hellenes over whom 

he had power besides。 



     Now the Egyptians�察�before the time when Psammetichos became king 

over them�察�were wont to suppose that they had come into being first of all 

men�察�but since the time when Psammetichos having become king desired 

to   know    what    men   had   come    into   being   first�察 �they  suppose    that  the 

Phrygians came into being before themselves�察�but they themselves before 

all   other   men。   Now   Psammetichos�察  �when   he   was   not   able   by   inquiry   to 

find out any means of knowing who had come into being first of all men�察�

contrived a device of the following kind��Taking two new´ born children 

belonging to persons of the common sort he gave them to a shepherd to 

bring up at the place where his flocks were�察�with a manner of bringing up 

such   as   I   shall   say�察  �charging   him   namely   that   no   man   should   utter   any 

word in their presence�察�and that they should be placed by themselves in a 

room where none might come�察�and at the proper time he should bring them 

she´goats�察�and when he had satisfied them with milk he should do for them 

whatever else was needed。 These things Psammetichos did and gave him 

this charge wishing to hear what word the children would let break forth 

first after they had ceased from wailings without sense。 And accordingly it 

came to pass�察�for after a space of two years had gone by�察�during which the 

shepherd   went   on   acting   so�察  �at   length�察  �when   he   opened   the   door   and 

entered�察  �both   children   fell   before   him   in   entreaty   and   uttered   the   word 

/bekos/�察   �stretching   forth   their  hands。   At   first  when   he   heard   this  the 



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                                 AN ACCOUNT OF EGYPT 



shepherd kept silence�察�but since this word was often repeated�察�as he visited 

them constantly and attended to them�察�at last he declared the matter to his 

master�察�and at his command he brought the children before his face。 Then 

Psammetichos having himself also heard it�察�began to inquire what nation 

of men named anything /bekos/�察�and inquiring he found that the Phrygians 

had this name for bread。 In this manner and guided by an indication such 

as   this�察  �the   Egyptians   were   brought   to   allow   that   the   Phrygians   were   a 

more ancient people than themselves。 That so it came to pass I heard from 

the  priests   of   that   Hephaistos   who   dwells   at   Memphis�察  �but   the   Hellenes 

relate�察  �besides    many     other   idle  tales�察  �that  Psammetichos        cut  out   the 

tongues of certain women and then caused the children to live with these 

women。 

     With regard then to the rearing of the children they related so much as 

I have said�此�and I heard also other things at Memphis when I had speech 

with    the   priests   of  Hephaistos。     Moreover      I  visited   both    Thebes    and 

Heliopolis for this very cause�察�namely because I wished to know whether 

the   priests   at   these   places   would   agree   in   their   accounts   with   those   at 

Memphis�察  �for   the   men   of   Heliopolis   are   said   to   be   the   most   learned   in 

records   of   the   Egyptians。   Those   of   their   narrations   which   I   heard   with 

regard to the gods I am not earnest to relate in full�察�but I shall name them 

only because I consider that all men are equally ignorant of these matters�此�

and whatever things of them I may record I shall record only because I am 

compelled       by  the   course   of   the  story。  But   as  to   those   matters   which 

concern      men�察  �the   priests   agreed    with   one   another    in  saying    that  the 

Egyptians were the first of all men on earth to find out the course of the 

year�察�having divided the seasons into twelve parts to make up the whole�察�

and this they said they found out from the stars�此�and they reckon to this 

extent more wisely than the Hellenes�察�as it seems to me�察�inasmuch as the 

Hellenes   throw   in   an   intercalated   month   every   other   year�察  �to   make   the 

seasons   right�察  �whereas   the   Egyptians�察  �reckoning   the   twelve   months           at 

thirty days each�察�bring in also every year five days beyond number�察�and 

thus the circle of their season is completed and comes round to th

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