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protection   to   our   trade。   Fortunately   he   was   succeeded   by   George   Earl 

Spencer�察�one of those chiefs of the Whig party who�察�in the great schism 

caused   by   the     French    Revolution�察  �had      followed   Burke。   Lord       Spencer�察�

though inferior to many of his colleagues as an orator�察�was decidedly the 



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best   administrator   among   them。   To   him   it   was   owing   that   a   long   and 

gloomy       succession      of   days    of   fasting�察   �and�察   �most    emphatically�察      �of 

humiliation�察�was interrupted�察�twice in the short space of eleven months�察�by 

days of thanksgiving for great victories。 

     It may seem paradoxical to say that the incapacity which Pitt showed 

in   all   that   related   to   the   conduct   of   the   war   is�察 �in   some   sense�察  �the   most 

decisive proof that he was a man of very extraordinary abilities。 Yet this is 

the simple   truth。   For   assuredly  one´tenth   part   of   his   errors   and   disasters 

would have been fatal to the power and influence of any minister who had 

not possessed�察�in the highest degree�察�the talents of a parliamentary leader。 

While his schemes were confounded�察�while his predictions were falsified�察�

while the coalitions which he had laboured to form were falling to pieces�察�

while   the   expeditions   which   he   had   sent   forth   at   enormous   cost   were 

ending in rout and disgrace�察�while the enemy against whom he was feebly 

contending was subjugating Flanders and Brabant�察�the Electorate of Mentz�察�

and the Electorate of Treves�察�Holland�察�Piedmont�察�Liguria�察�Lombardy�察�his 

authority over the House of Commons was constantly becoming more and 

more absolute。 There   was his   empire。 There   were his   victories�察�his   Lodi 

and his Arcola�察 �his   Rivoli   and   his Marengo。  If some   great   misfortune�察 �a 

pitched battle lost by the allies�察�the annexation of a new department to the 

French Republic�察�a sanguinary insurrection in Ireland�察�a mutiny in the fleet�察�

a panic in the city�察�a run on the bank�察�had spread dismay through the ranks 

of   his   majority�察  �that   dismay   lasted   only   till   he   rose   from   the   Treasury 

bench�察  �drew   up   his   haughty   head�察  �stretched   his   arm   with   commanding 

gesture�察�and poured forth�察�in deep and sonorous tones�察�the lofty language 

of   inextinguishable  hope   and   inflexible   resolution。  Thus�察  �through   a   long 

and calamitous period�察�every disaster that happened without the walls of 

Parliament was regularly followed by a triumph within them。 At length he 

had   no   longer   an   opposition   to   encounter。   Of   the   great   party  which   had 

contended   against   him   during   the   first   eight   years   of   his   administration 

more      than   one    half   now    marched      under     his  standard�察    �with    his  old 

competitor the Duke of Portland at their head�察�and the rest had�察�after many 

vain struggles�察�quitted the field in despair。 Fox had retired to the shades of 

St Anne's   Hill�察  �and   had   there   found�察  �in   the   society   of   friends   whom   no 



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vicissitude could estrange from him�察�of a woman whom he tenderly loved�察�

and   of   the   illustrious   dead   of Athens�察  �of   Rome�察  �and   of   Florence�察  �ample 

compensation for all the misfortunes of his public life。 Session followed 

session   with   scarcely   a   single   division。   In   the   eventful   year   1799�察  �the 

largest    minority     that   could    be   mustered     against    the   government       was 

twenty´five。 

     In Pitt's domestic  policy  there was   at   this   time assuredly  no   want   of 

vigour。 While he offered to French Jacobinism a resistance so feeble that it 

only    encouraged       the  evil   which    he   wished     to  suppress�察   �he   put   down 

English     Jacobinism   with       a  strong    hand。   The    Habeas     Corpus     Act   was 

repeatedly suspended。 Public meetings were placed under severe restraints。 

The     government       obtained     from    parliament     power     to  send    out   of  the 

country aliens who were suspected of evil designs�察�and that power was not 

suffered      to   be   idle。   Writers    who     propounded        doctrines    adverse     to 

monarchy and aristocracy were proscribed and punished without mercy。 It 

was   hardly   safe   for   a   republican     to   avow   his   political   creed   over   his 

beefsteak and his bottle of port at a chop´house。 The old laws of Scotland 

against sedition�察�laws which were considered by Englishmen as barbarous�察�

and   which   a   succession   of   governments   had   suffered   to   rust�察  �were   now 

furbished up and sharpened anew。 Men of cultivated minds and polished 

manners were�察�for offences which at Westminster would have been treated 

as   mere   misdemeanours�察  �sent   to   herd   with   felons   at   Botany   Bay。   Some 

reformers�察  �whose   opinions   were   extravagant�察  �and   whose   language   was 

intemperate�察�but who had never dreamed of subverting the government by 

physical   force�察  �were   indicted   for   high   treason�察  �and   were   saved   from   the 

gallows only by the righteous verdicts of juries。 This severity was at the 

time loudly applauded by alarmists whom fear had made cruel�察�but will be 

seen in a very different light by posterity。 The truth is�察�that the Englishmen 

who wished for a revolution were�察�even in number�察�not formidable�察�and in 

everything   but   number�察  �a   faction   utterly   contemptible�察  �without   arms�察  �or 

funds�察�or plans�察�or organisation�察�or leader。 There can be no doubt that Pitt�察�

strong   as   he   was   in   the   support   of   the   great   body   of   the   nation�察  �might 

easily have repressed the turbulence of the discontented minority by firmly 

yet   temperately  enforcing   the   ordinary   law。 Whatever   vigour   he   showed 



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during this unfortunate part of his life was vigour out of place and season。 

He was all feebleness and langour in his conflict with the foreign enemy 

who was really to be dreaded�察�and reserved all his energy and resolution 

for the domestic enemy who might safely have been despised。 

     One     part  only   of  Pitt's  conduct     during   the   last  eight   years   of  the 

eighteenth century deserves high praise。 He was the first English minister 

who formed great designs for the benefit of Ireland。 The manner in which 

the Roman Catholic population of that unfortunate country had been kept 

down during many generations seemed to him unjust and cruel�察�and it was 

scarcely possible for a man of his abilities not to perceive that�察�in a contest 

against the Jacobins�察�the Roman Catholics were his natural allies。 Had he 

been able to do all   that   he wished�察 �it is probable   that   a wise   and liberal 

policy would have averted the rebellion of 1798。 But the difficulties which 

he    encountered      were    great�察  �perhaps    insurmountable�察       �and   the   Roman 

Catholics were�察�rather by his misfortune than by his fault�察�thrown into the 

hands of the Jacobins。 There was a third great rising of the Irishry against 

the   Englishry�察  �a   rising   not   less   formidable   than   the   risings   of   1641   and 

1689。 The Englishry remained victorious�察�and it was necessary for Pitt�察�as 

it had been necessary for Oliver Cromwell and William of Orange before 

him�察  �to   consider   how   the   victory   should   be   used。   It   is   only   just   to   his 

memory to say that he formed a scheme of policy�察�so grand and so simple�察�

so righteous and so humane�察�that it would alone entitle him to a high place 

among      statesmen。     He   determined      to  make     Ireland   one   kingdom      with 

England�察�and�察�at the same time�察�to relieve the Roman Catholic laity from 

civil disabilities�察�and to grant a public maintenance to the Roman Catholic 

clergy。 Had he been able to carry these noble designs into effect�察�the Union 

would      have   been    an   Union     indeed。   It  would     have    been   inseparably 

associated   in   the   minds of   the   great   majority  of   Irishmen   with   civil   and 

religious   freedom�察  �and   the   old   Parliament   in   College   Green   would   have 

been regretted only by a small knot of discarded jobbers and oppressors�察�

and   would   have   been   remembered   by   the   body   of   the   nation   with   the 

loathing   and   contempt   due   to   the   most   tyrannical   and   the   most   corrupt 

assembly that had ever sate in Europe。 But Pitt could execute only one half 

of   what   he   had   projected。   He   succeeded   in   obtaining   the   consent   of   the 



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        THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND SPEECHES OF LORD MACAULAY。 



Parliaments of both kingdoms to the Union�察�but that reconciliation of races 

and   sects�察  �without   which   the   Union   could   exist   only   in   name�察  �was   not 

accomplished。 He was well aware that he was likely to find difficulties in 

the    closet。   But    he   flattered   himself�察    �that   by   cautious    and    dexterous 

management�察�those difficulties might be overcome。 Unhappily�察�there were 

traitors and sycophants in high place who did not suffer   him to take   his 

own time�察�and his own way�察�but prematurely disclosed his scheme to the 

King�察  �and   disclosed   it   in   the   manner   most   likely   to   irritate   and   alarm   a 

weak      and    diseased     mind。     His

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