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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
away with the spur of economic competition。 Will men in such a world
become lazy and apathetic�拭�Will they cease to think�拭�Will those who do
think find themselves confronted with an even more impenetrable wall of
unreflecting conservatism than that which confronts them at present�拭�
These are important questions�察�for it is ultimately to science that mankind
must look for their success in combating physical evils。
If the other conditions that we have postulated can be realized�察 �it
seems almost certain that there must be less illness than there is at present。
Population will no longer be congested in slums�察 �children will have far
more of fresh air and open country�察�the hours of work will be only such as
are wholesome�察�not excessive and exhausting as they are at present。
As for the progress of science�察 �that depends very largely upon the
degree of intellectual liberty existing in the new society。 If all science is
organized and supervised by the State�察�it will rapidly become stereotyped
and dead。 Fundamental advances will not be made�察 �because�察 �until they
have been made�察�they will seem too doubtful to warrant the expenditure of
public money upon them。 Authority will be in the hands of the old�察�
especially of men who have achieved scientific eminence�察�such men will
be hostile to those among the young who do not flatter them by agreeing
with their theories。 Under a bureaucratic State Socialism it is to be feared
that science would soon cease to be progressive and acquired a medieval
respect for authority。
But under a freer system�察�which would enable all kinds of groups to
employ as many men of science as they chose�察 �and would allow the
``vagabond's wage'' to those who desired to pursue some study so new as
to be wholly unrecognized�察 �there is every reason to think that science
would flourish as it has never done hitherto。��61�А�And�察�if that were the case�察�
I do not believe that any other obstacle would exist to the physical
possibility of our system。
��61�А�See the discussion of this question in the preceding chapter。
The question of the number of hours of work necessary to produce
general material comfort is partly technical�察�partly one of organization。 We
may assume that there would no longer be unproductive labor spent on
armaments�察�national defense�察�advertisements�察�costly luxuries for the very
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rich�察�or any of the other futilities incidental to our competitive system。 If
each industrial guild secured for a term of years the advantages�察�or part of
the advantages�察�of any new invention or methods which it introduced�察�it is
pretty certain that every encouragement would be given to technical
progress。 The life of a discoverer or inventor is in itself agreeable�此�those
who adopt it�察�as things are now�察�are seldom much actuated by economic
motives�察�but rather by the interest of the work together with the hope of
honor�察�and these motives would operate more widely than they do now�察�
since fewer people would be prevented from obeying them by economic
necessities。 And there is no doubt that intellect would work more keenly
and creatively in a world where instinct was less thwarted�察�where the joy
of life was greater�察�and where consequently there would be more vitality in
men than there is at present。
There remains the population question�察�which�察�ever since the time of
Malthus�察 �has been the last refuge of those to whom the possibility of a
better world is disagreeable。 But this question is now a very different one
from what it was a hundred years ago。 The decline of the birth´rate in all
civilized countries�察�which is pretty certain to continue�察�whatever economic
system is adopted�察�suggests that�察�especially when the probable effects of
the war are taken into account�察�the population of Western Europe is not
likely to increase very much beyond its present level�察�and that of America
is likely only to increase through immigration。 Negroes may continue to
increase in the tropics�察 �but are not likely to be a serious menace to the
white inhabitants of temperate regions。 There remains�察 �of course�察 �the
Yellow Peril�察�but by the time that begins to be serious it is quite likely that
the birth´rate will also have begun to decline among the races of Asia If
not�察�there are other means of dealing with this question�察�and in any case
the whole matter is too conjectural to be set up seriously as a bar to our
hopes。 I conclude that�察�though no certain forecast is possible�察�there is not
any valid reason for regarding the possible increase of population as a
serious obstacle to Socialism。
Our discussion has led us to the belief that the communal ownership of
land and capital�察�which constitutes the characteristic doctrine of Socialism
and Anarchist Communism�察�is a necessary step toward the removal of the
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evils from which the world suffers at present and the creation of such a
society as any humane man must wish to see realized。 But�察 �though a
necessary step�察 �Socialism alone is by no means sufficient。 There are
various forms of Socialism�此�the form in which the State is the employer�察�
and all who work receive wages from it�察�involves dangers of tyranny and
interference with progress which would make it�察�if possible�察�even worse
than the present regime。 On the other hand�察�Anarchism�察�which avoids the
dangers of State Socialism�察�has dangers and difficulties of its own�察�which
make it probable that�察�within any reasonable period of time�察�it could not
last long even if it were established。 Nevertheless�察�it remains an ideal to
which we should wish to approach as nearly as possible�察 �and which�察 �in
some distant age�察�we hope may be reached completely。 Syndicalism shares
many of the defects of Anarchism�察�and�察�like it�察�would prove unstable�察�since
the need of a central government would make itself felt almost at once。
The system we have advocated is a form of Guild Socialism�察�leaning
more�察 �perhaps�察 �towards Anarchism than the official Guildsman would
wholly approve。 It is in the matters that politicians usually ignore science
and art�察�human relations�察�and the joy of life that Anarchism is strongest�察�
and it is chiefly for the sake of these things that we included such more or
less Anarchist proposals as the ``vagabond's wage。'' It is by its effects
outside economics and politics�察�at least as much as by effects inside them�察�
that a social system should be judged。 And if Socialism ever comes�察�it is
only likely to prove beneficent if non´ economic goods are valued and
consciously pursued。
The world that we must seek is a world in which the creative spirit is
alive�察�in which life is an adventure full of joy and hope�察�based rather upon
the impulse to construct than upon the desire to retain what we possess or
to seize what is possessed by others。 It must be a world in which affection
has free play�察 �in which love is purged of the instinct for domination�察 �in
which cruelty and envy have been dispelled by happiness and the
unfettered development of all the instincts that build up life and fill it with
mental delights。 Such a world is possible�察�it waits only for men to wish to
create it。
Meantime�察�the world in which we exist has other aims。 But it will pass
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away�察�burned up in the fire of its own hot passions�察�and from its ashes will
spring a new and younger world�察 �full of fresh hope�察 �with the light of
morning in its eyes。
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INDEX
Academy�察�Royal�察�107 Africa�察�149�察�165 Agriculture�察�90 ff。 Alexander II�察�
43 Allemane�察 �60 America�察 �xi�察 �31�察 �74 ff。�察 �125�察 �140�察 �210 American
Federation of Labor�察�76 Anarchism�察�passim defined�察�33 and law�察�33�察�
51�察�111 ff。�察�198 ff。 and violence�察�33�察�52´4�察�72�察�121 ff。 and distribution�察�
93 ff。 and wages�察�96 ff。 anti´German�察�46 attitude to syndicalism�察�79
congress in Amsterdam�察 �79 Ants�察 �152 Army�察 �private�察 �120�察 �123 Art�察 �109�察�
111�察�138�察�166 ff。�察�203 and appreciation�察�169�察�181´6 and commercialism�察�
181 and freedom�察 �182 Artists�察 �103 under State Socialism�察 �174 Asia�察�
149�察�158�察�210 Australia�察�151 Authors�察�Guild of�察�179 Autonomy�察�133�察�137�察�
160
Backwoods�察 �133 Bakunin�察 �x�察 �3649 biography�察 �3747 writings�察�
4749 and Marx�察 �38 ff。�察 �59 n。 and Pan´Slavism�察 �41�察 �45 and Dresden
insurrection�察�41 imprisonments�察�41 anti´German�察�45 and production�察�
50 Bebel�察 �66 Benbow�察 �William�察 �71 n。 Bergson�察 �68 Bernstein�察 �27´29�察 �56
Bevington�察 �53 Bismarck�察 �30 Books under Socialism�察 �178 Bornstedt�察 �39
Bou