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away  with the   spur of   economic   competition。 Will   men   in   such   a   world 

become lazy and apathetic�拭�Will they cease to think�拭�Will those who do 

think find themselves confronted with an even more impenetrable wall of 

unreflecting      conservatism      than   that   which    confronts    them    at  present�拭�

These are important questions�察�for it is ultimately to science that mankind 

must look for their success in combating physical evils。 

     If   the   other   conditions   that   we   have   postulated   can   be   realized�察  �it 

seems almost certain that there must be less illness than there is at present。 

Population   will   no   longer   be   congested   in   slums�察  �children   will   have   far 

more of fresh air and open country�察�the hours of work will be only such as 

are wholesome�察�not excessive and exhausting as they are at present。 

     As   for   the   progress   of   science�察  �that   depends   very   largely   upon   the 

degree of intellectual liberty existing in the new society。 If all science is 

organized and supervised by the State�察�it will rapidly become stereotyped 

and   dead。   Fundamental   advances   will   not   be   made�察  �because�察  �until   they 

have been made�察�they will seem too doubtful to warrant the expenditure of 

public    money      upon   them。    Authority   will    be   in  the  hands    of   the  old�察�

especially of men who have achieved scientific eminence�察�such men will 

be hostile to those among the young who do not flatter them by agreeing 

with their theories。 Under a bureaucratic State Socialism it is to be feared 

that science would soon cease to be progressive and acquired a medieval 

respect for authority。 

     But under a freer system�察�which would enable all kinds of groups to 

employ   as   many   men   of   science   as   they   chose�察  �and   would         allow   the 

``vagabond's wage'' to those who desired to pursue some study so new as 

to   be   wholly   unrecognized�察  �there   is   every   reason   to   think   that   science 

would flourish as it has never done hitherto。��61�А�And�察�if that were the case�察�

I   do   not  believe    that  any    other   obstacle    would    exist   to  the  physical 

possibility of our system。 

       ��61�А�See the discussion of this question in the preceding chapter。 

       The question of the number  of hours of work necessary to   produce 

general material comfort is partly technical�察�partly one of organization。 We 

may   assume   that   there   would   no   longer   be   unproductive   labor   spent   on 

armaments�察�national defense�察�advertisements�察�costly luxuries for the very 



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rich�察�or any of the other futilities incidental to our competitive system。 If 

each industrial guild secured for a term of years the advantages�察�or part of 

the advantages�察�of any new invention or methods which it introduced�察�it is 

pretty    certain   that  every    encouragement       would     be  given    to  technical 

progress。 The life of a discoverer or inventor is in itself agreeable�此�those 

who adopt it�察�as things are now�察�are seldom much actuated by economic 

motives�察�but rather by the interest of the work together with the hope of 

honor�察�and   these   motives   would operate more   widely  than they  do   now�察�

since fewer people would be prevented from obeying them by economic 

necessities。 And there is no doubt that intellect would work more keenly 

and creatively in a world where instinct was less thwarted�察�where the joy 

of life was greater�察�and where consequently there would be more vitality in 

men than there is at present。 

     There remains the population question�察�which�察�ever since the time of 

Malthus�察  �has   been   the   last   refuge   of   those   to   whom   the   possibility   of   a 

better world is disagreeable。 But this question is now a very different one 

from what it was a hundred years ago。 The decline of the birth´rate in all 

civilized countries�察�which is pretty certain to continue�察�whatever economic 

system is adopted�察�suggests that�察�especially when the probable effects of 

the   war   are   taken   into   account�察�the population   of Western   Europe   is   not 

likely to increase very much beyond its present level�察�and that of America 

is likely only to increase through immigration。 Negroes may continue to 

increase   in   the   tropics�察  �but   are   not   likely   to   be   a   serious   menace   to   the 

white    inhabitants    of   temperate    regions。    There   remains�察    �of  course�察  �the 

Yellow Peril�察�but by the time that begins to be serious it is quite likely that 

the birth´rate will also have begun to decline among the races of Asia If 

not�察�there are other means of dealing with this question�察�and in any case 

the whole matter is too conjectural to be set up seriously as a bar to our 

hopes。 I conclude that�察�though no certain forecast is possible�察�there is not 

any   valid   reason   for   regarding   the   possible   increase   of   population   as   a 

serious obstacle to Socialism。 

     Our discussion has led us to the belief that the communal ownership of 

land and capital�察�which constitutes the characteristic doctrine of Socialism 

and Anarchist Communism�察�is a necessary step toward the removal of the 



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evils from which the world suffers   at present   and the creation of such   a 

society   as   any   humane   man   must   wish   to   see   realized。   But�察  �though   a 

necessary      step�察 �Socialism     alone   is  by   no   means    sufficient。   There    are 

various forms of Socialism�此�the form in which the State is the employer�察�

and all who work receive wages from it�察�involves dangers of tyranny and 

interference with progress which would   make it�察�if possible�察�even   worse 

than the present regime。 On the other hand�察�Anarchism�察�which avoids the 

dangers of State Socialism�察�has dangers and difficulties of its own�察�which 

make it probable that�察�within any reasonable period of time�察�it could not 

last long even if it were established。 Nevertheless�察�it remains an ideal to 

which   we   should   wish   to   approach   as   nearly   as   possible�察  �and   which�察  �in 

some distant age�察�we hope may be reached completely。 Syndicalism shares 

many of the defects of Anarchism�察�and�察�like it�察�would prove unstable�察�since 

the need of a central government would make itself felt almost at once。 

     The system we have advocated is a form of Guild Socialism�察�leaning 

more�察    �perhaps�察   �towards    Anarchism   than      the  official   Guildsman      would 

wholly approve。 It is in the matters that politicians usually ignore science 

and art�察�human relations�察�and the joy of life that Anarchism is strongest�察�

and it is chiefly for the sake of these things that we included such more or 

less   Anarchist   proposals   as   the   ``vagabond's   wage。''   It   is   by   its   effects 

outside economics and politics�察�at least as much as by effects inside them�察�

that a social system should be judged。 And if Socialism ever comes�察�it is 

only   likely   to   prove   beneficent   if   non´   economic   goods   are   valued   and 

consciously pursued。 

     The world that we must seek is a world in which the creative spirit is 

alive�察�in which life is an adventure full of joy and hope�察�based rather upon 

the impulse to construct than upon the desire to retain what we possess or 

to seize what is possessed by others。 It must be a world in which affection 

has   free   play�察  �in   which  love   is   purged   of   the   instinct   for   domination�察  �in 

which      cruelty   and    envy    have   been    dispelled    by   happiness      and   the 

unfettered development of all the instincts that build up life and fill it with 

mental delights。 Such a world is possible�察�it waits only for men to wish to 

create it。 

     Meantime�察�the world in which we exist has other aims。 But it will pass 



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away�察�burned up in the fire of its own hot passions�察�and from its ashes will 

spring   a   new   and   younger   world�察  �full   of   fresh   hope�察  �with   the   light   of 

morning in its eyes。 



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                                      INDEX 



     Academy�察�Royal�察�107 Africa�察�149�察�165 Agriculture�察�90 ff。 Alexander II�察�

43    Allemane�察    �60   America�察    �xi�察 �31�察  �74  ff。�察 �125�察  �140�察  �210   American 

Federation of      Labor�察�76 Anarchism�察�passim           defined�察�33      and law�察�33�察�

51�察�111 ff。�察�198 ff。      and violence�察�33�察�52´4�察�72�察�121 ff。         and distribution�察�

93 ff。    and wages�察�96 ff。       anti´German�察�46         attitude to syndicalism�察�79 

congress   in Amsterdam�察  �79 Ants�察  �152 Army�察  �private�察  �120�察 �123 Art�察  �109�察�

111�察�138�察�166 ff。�察�203       and appreciation�察�169�察�181´6          and commercialism�察�

181     and   freedom�察  �182   Artists�察  �103    under   State   Socialism�察  �174   Asia�察�

149�察�158�察�210 Australia�察�151 Authors�察�Guild of�察�179 Autonomy�察�133�察�137�察�

160 

       Backwoods�察      �133   Bakunin�察    �x�察 �3649    biography�察     �3747     writings�察�

4749     and   Marx�察  �38   ff。�察 �59   n。 and   Pan´Slavism�察  �41�察  �45    and   Dresden 

insurrection�察�41      imprisonments�察�41         anti´German�察�45        and production�察�

50   Bebel�察  �66   Benbow�察  �William�察  �71   n。   Bergson�察  �68   Bernstein�察  �27´29�察  �56 

Bevington�察  �53   Bismarck�察  �30   Books   under   Socialism�察  �178   Bornstedt�察  �39 

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