the higher learning in america-第17部分

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apportion　the　funds　assigned　for　current　expenses　in　such　a　way



as　to　favour　those　〃practical〃　or　quasi…practical　lines　of



instruction　and　academic　propaganda　that　are　presumed　to　heighten



the　business　acumen　of　the　students　or　to　yield　immediate　returns



in　the　way　of　a　creditable　publicity。







　　　　As　to　the　delegation　of　powers　to　the　academic　head。　There　is



always　the　reservation　to　be　kept　in　mind；　that　the　academic　head



is　limited　in　his　discretion　by　the　specifications　of　the　budget。



The　permissible　deviations　in　that　respect　are　commonly　neither



wide　nor　of　a　substantial　character；　though　the　instances　of　a



university　president　exercising　large　powers　are　also　not



extremely　rare。　But　in　common　practice；　it　is　to　be　noted；　the



academic　head　is　vested　with　somewhat　autocratic　powers；　within



the　lines　effectually　laid　down　in　the　budget；　he　is　in　effect



responsible　to　the　governing　board　alone；　and　his　responsibility



in　that　direction　chiefly　touches　his　observance　of　the　pecuniary



specifications　of　the　budget。



　　　　But　it　is　more　to　the　point　to　note　that　the　academic　head



commonly　holds　office　by　choice　of　the　governing　board。　Where　the



power　of　appointment　lies　freely　in　the　discretion　of　such　a



board；　the　board　will　create　an　academic　head　in　its　own　image。



In　point　of　notorious　fact；　the　academic　head　of　the　university



is　selected　chiefly　on　grounds　of　his　business　qualifications；



taking　that　expression　in　a　somewhat　special　sense。　There　is　at



present　an　increasingly　broad　and　strenuous　insistence　on　such



qualifications　in　the　men　selected　as　heads　of　the　universities；



and　the　common　sense　of　the　community　at　large　bears　out　the



predilections　of　the　businesslike　board　of　control　in　this



respect。　The　new　incumbents　are　selected　primarily　with　a　view　to



give　the　direction　of　academic　policy　and　administration　more　of



a　businesslike　character。　The　choice　may　not　always　fall　on　a



competent　business　man；　but　that　is　not　due　to　its　inclining　too



far　to　the　side　of　scholarship。　It　is　not　an　easy　matter　even　for



the　most　astute　body　of　businessmen　to　select　a　candidate　who



shall　measure　up　to　their　standard　of　businesslike　efficiency　in



a　field　of　activity　that　has　substantially　nothing　in　common　with



that　business　traffic　in　which　their　preconceptions　of　efficiency



have　been　formed。



　　　　In　many　cases　the　alumni　have　much　to　say　in　the　choice　of　a



new　academic　head；　whether　by　courtesy　or　by　express　provision；



and　the　results　under　these　circumstances　are　not　substantially



different。　It　follows　as　an　inevitable　consequence　of　the　current



state　of　popular　sentiment　that　the　successful　businessmen　among



the　alumni　will　have　the　deciding　voice；　in　so　far　as　the　matter



rests　with　the　alumni；　for　the　successful　men　of　affairs　assert



themselves　with　easy　confidence；　and　they　are　looked　up　to；　in



any　community　whose　standards　of　esteem　are　business　standards；



so　that　their　word　carries　weight　beyond　that　of　any　other　class



or　order　of　men。　The　community　at　large；　or　at　least　that　portion



of　the　community　that　habitually　makes　itself　heard；　speaks　to



the　same　effect　and　on　the　same　ground；　　viz。；　a　sentimental



conviction　that　pecuniary　success　is　the　final　test　of　manhood。



Business　principles　are　the　sacred　articles　of　the　secular　creed；



and　business　methods　make　up　the　ritual　of　the　secular　cult。



　　　　The　one　clear　note　of　acclaim　that　goes　up；　from　the　avowed



adepts　of　culture　and　from　those　without　the　pale；　when　a　new



head　has；　as　recently　been　called　to　one　of　the　greater



universities；　is　in　commendation　of　his　business　capacity；



〃commercial　sense；〃　executive　ability；　financiering　tact；　and　the



effectual　canvass　of　his　qualifications　does　not　commonly　range



much　outside　of　these　prime　requisites。　The　modicum　of



scholarship　and　scholarly　ideals　and　insight　concessively　deemed



indispensable　in　such　a　case　is　somewhat　of　the　nature　of　a



perquisite；　and　is　easily　found。　It　is　not　required　that　the



incumbent　meet　the　prepossessions　of　the　contingent　of　learned



men　in　the　community　in　this　respect；　the　choice　does　not　rest



with　that　element；　nor　does　its　ratification；　but　rather　at　the



other　end　of　the　scale；　with　that　extreme　wing　of　the　laity　that



is　taken　up　with　〃practical；〃　that　is　to　say　pecuniary；　affairs。



　　　　As　to　the　requirements　of　scholarly　or　scientific　competency；



a　plausible　speaker　with　a　large　gift　of　assurance；　a



businesslike　〃educator〃　or　clergyman；　some　urbane　pillar　of



society；　some　astute　veteran　of　the　scientific　demi…monde；　will



meet　all　reasonable　requirements。　Scholarship　is　not　barred；　of



course；　though　it　is　commonly　the　quasi…scholarship　of　the



popular　raconteur　that　comes　in　evidence　in　these　premises；　and



the　fact　that　these　incumbents　of　executive　office　show　so　much



of　scholarly　animus　and　attainments　as　they　do　is　in　great



measure　a　fortuitous　circumstance。　It　is；　indeed；　a　safe



generalization　that　in　point　of　fact　the　average　of　university



presidents　fall　short　of　the　average　of　their　academic　staff　in



scholarly　or　scientific　attainments；　even　when　all　persons



employed　as　instructors　are　counted　as　members　of　the　staff。　It



may　also　be　remarked　by　the　way　that　when；　as　may　happen；　a



scholar　or　scientist　takes　office　as　directive　head　of　a



university；　he　is　commonly　lost　to　the　republic　of　learning；　he



has　in　effect　passed　from　the　ranks　of　learning　to　those　of



business　enterprise。



　　　　The　upshot　of　it　all　should　be　that　when　and　in　so　far　as　a



businesslike　governing　board　delegates　powers　to　the　university's



academic　head；　it　delegates　these　powers　to　one　of　their　own



kind；　who　is　somewhat　peremptorily　expected　to　live　up　to　the



aspirations　that　animate　the　board。　What　such　a　man；　so　placed；



will　do　with　the　powers　and　opportunities　that　so　devolve　on　him



is　a　difficult　question　that　can　be　answered　only　in　terms　of　the



compulsion　of　the　circumstances　in　which　he　is　placed　and　of　the



moral　wear　and　tear　that　comes　of　arbitrary　powers　exercised　in　a



tangle　of　ambiguities。（7*）







NOTES：







1。　An　instance　showing　something　of　the　measure　and　incidence　of



fiscal　service　rendered　by　such　a　businesslike　board　may　be



suggestive；　even　though　it　is　scarcely　to　be　taken　as　faithfully



illustrating　current　practice；　in　that　the　particular　board　in



question　has　exercised　an　uncommon　measure　of　surveillance　over



its　university's　pecuniary　concerns。



　　　　A　university　corporation　endowed　with　a　large　estate



（appraised　at　something　over　30；000；000）　has　been　governed　by　a



board　of　the　usual　form；　with　plenary　discretion；　established　on



a　basis　of　co…optation。　In　point　of　practical　effect；　the　board；



or　rather　that　fraction　of　the　board　which　takes　an　active



interest　in　the　university's　affairs；　has　been　made　up　of　a　group



of　local　business　men　engaged　in　divers　enterprises　of　the　kind



familiar　to　men　of　relatively　large　means；　with　somewhat



extensive　interests　of　the　nature　of　banking　and　underwriting；



where　large　extensions　of　credit　and　the　temporary　use　of　large



funds　are　of　substantial　consequence。　By　terms　of　the　corporate



charter　the　board　was　required　to　render　to　the　governor　of　the



state　a　yearly　report　of　all　the　pecuniary　affairs　of　the



university；　but　no　penalty　was　attached　to　their　eventual　failure



to　render　such　report；　though　some　legal　remedy　could　doubtless



have　been　had　on　due　application　by　the　parties　in　interest；　as



e。　g。；　by　the　academic　head　of　the　university。　No　such　report　has



been　rendered；　however；　and　no　steps　appear　to　have　been　taken　to



procure　such　a　report；　or　any　equivalent　accounting。　But　on



persistent　urging　from　the　side　of　his　faculty；　and　after　some



courteous　delay；　the　academic　head　pushed　an　inquiry　into　the



corporation's　finances　so　far　as　to　bring　out　facts　somewhat　to



the　following　effect：　



　　　　The　board；　or　the　group　of　local　business　men　who　constituted



the　habitual　working　majority　of　the　board；　appear　to　have　kept　a



fairly　close　and　active　oversight　of　the　corporate　funds



entrusted　to　them；　and　to　have　seen　to　their　investment　and



disposal　somewhat　in　detail　　and；　it　has　been　suggested；



somewhat　to　their　own　pecuniary　advantage。　With　the　result　that



the　investments　were　found　to　yield　a　current　income　of　some



three　per　cent。　（rather　under　than　over）；　　in　a　state　where



investment　on　good　security　in　the　open　market　commonly　yielded



from　six　per　cent　to　eight　per　cent。　Of　this　income　approximately



one…half　（apparently　some　forty…five　per　cent）　practically



accrued　to　the　possible　current　use　of　the　university



establishment。　Just　what　disposal　was　made　of　the　remainder　is



not　altogether　clear；　though　it　is　loosely　presumed　to　have　been



kept　in　hand　with　an　eventual　view　to　the　erection　and　repair　of



buildings。　Something　like　one…half　of　what　so　made　up　the



currently　disposable　income　was　further　set　aside　in　the



character　of　a　sinking　fund；　to　accumulate　for　future　use　and　to



meet　contingencies；　so　that　what　effectually　accrued　to　the



university　establishment　for　current　use　to　meet　necessary



academic　expenditures　would　amount　to　something　like　one　per　cent



（or　less）　on　the　total　investment。　But　of　this　finally　disposable



fraction　of　the　income；　again；　an　appreciable　sum　was　set　aside



as　a　special　sinking　fund　to　accumulate　for　the　event