the higher learning in america-第35部分

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calculated　to　raise　the　question　whether　make…believe　does　not；



after　all；　occupy　a　larger　and　more　urgent　place　in　the　life　of



these　thoughtful　adult　male　citizens　than　in　the　life　of　their



children。







NOTES：







1。　It　was　a　very　wise　and　adroit　politician　who　found　out　that



〃You　can　not　fool　all　the　people　all　the　time。〃







2。　　La　gloria　di　colui　che　tutto　muove；



　　　　Per　l'universo　pen閠ra　e　risplende



　　　　In　una　parte　pi*　e　meno　altr'ove。







3。　In　a　certain　large　and　enterprising　university；　e。g。；　the　pay



of　the　lowest；　and　numerous；　rank　regularly　employed　to　do　full



work　as　teachers；　is　proportioned　to　that　of　the　highest　　much



less　numerous　　rank　about　as　one　to　twelve　at　the　most；　perhaps



even　as　low　as　one　to　twenty。　And　it　may　not　be　out　of　place　to



enter　the　caution　that　the　nominal　rank　of　a　given　member　of　the



staff　is　no　secure　index　of　his　income；　even　where　the　salary



〃normally〃　attached　to　the　given　academic　rank　is　known。　Not



unusually　a　〃normal〃　scale　of　salaries　is　formally　adopted　by　the



governing　board　and　spread　upon　their　records；　and　such　a　scale



will　then　be　surreptitiously　made　public。　But　departures　from　the



scale　habitually　occur；　whereby　the　salaries　actually　paid　come



to　fall　short　of　the　〃normal〃　perhaps　as　frequently　as　they



conform　to　it。



　　　　There　is　no　trades…union　among　university　teachers；　and　no



collective　bargaining。　There　appears　to　be　a　feeling　prevalent



among　them　that　their　salaries　are　not　of　the　nature　of　wages；



and　that　there　would　be　a　species　of　moral　obliquity　implied　in



overtly　so　dealing　with　the　matter。　And　in　the　individual



bargaining　by　which　the　rate　of　pay　is　determined　the　directorate



may　easily　be　tempted　to　seek　an　economical　way　out；　by　offering



a　low　rate　of　pay　coupled　with　a　higher　academic　rank。　The　plea



is　always　ready　to　hand　that　the　university　is　in　want　of　the



necessary　funds　and　is　constrained　to　economize　where　it　can。　So



an　advance　in　nominal　rank　is　made　to　serve　in　place　of　an



advance　in　salary；　the　former　being　the　less　costly　commodity　for



the　time　being。　Indeed；　so　frequent　are　such　departures　from　the



normal　scale　as　to　have　given　rise　to　the　（no　doubt　ill…advised）



suggestion　that　this　may　be　one　of　the　chief　uses　of　the　adopted



schedule　of　normal　salaries。　So　an　employee　of　the　university　may



not　infrequently　find　himself　constrained　to　accept；　as　part



payment；　an　expensive　increment　of　dignity　attaching　to　a　higher



rank　than　his　salary　account　would　indicate。　Such　an　outcome　of



individual　bargaining　is　all　the　more　likely　in　the　academic



community；　since　there　is　no　settled　code　of　professional　ethics



governing　the　conduct　of　business　enterprise　in　academic



management；　as　contrasted　with　the　traffic　of　ordinary



competitive　business。







4。　So；　e。g。；　the　well…known　president　of　a　well　and　favourably



known　university　was　at　pains　a　few　years　ago　to　distinguish　one



of　his　faculty　as　being　his　〃ideal　of　a　university　man〃；　the



grounds　of　this　invidious　distinction　being　a　lifelike　imitation



of　a　country　gentleman　and　a　fair　degree　of　attention　to



committee　work　in　connection　with　the　academic　administration；



the　incumbent　had　no　distinguishing　marks　either　as　a　teacher　or



as　a　scholar；　and　neither　science　nor　letters　will　be　found　in



his　debt。　It　is　perhaps　needless　to　add　that　for　reasons　of



invidious　distinction；　no　names　can　be　mentioned　in　this



connection。　It　should　be　added　in　illumination　of　the　instance



cited；　that　in　the　same　university；　by　consistent　selection　and



discipline　of　the　personnel；　it　had　come　about　that；　in　the



apprehension　of　the　staff　as　well　as　of　the　executive；　the



accepted　test　of　efficiency　was　the　work　done　on　the



administrative　committees　　rather　than　that　of　the　class　rooms



or　laboratories。







5。　Within　the　past　few　years　an　academic　executive　of　great　note



has　been　heard　repeatedly　to　express　himself　in　facetious　doubt



of　this　penchant　for　scholarly　inquiry　on　the　part　of　university



men；　whether　as　〃rese醨ch〃　or　as　〃r閟earch〃；　and　there　is



doubtless　ground　for　scepticism　as　to　its　permeating　the　academic



body　with　that　sting　of　ubiquity　that　is　implied　in　many



expressions　on　this　head。　And　it　should　also　be　said；　perhaps　in



extenuation　of　the　expression　cited　above；　that　the　president　was



addressing　delegations　of　his　own　faculty；　and　presumably



directing　his　remarks　to　their　special　benefit；　and　that　while　he



professed　（no　doubt　ingenuously）　a　profound　zeal　for　the　cause　of



science　at　large；　it　had　come　about；　selectively；　through　a　long



course　of　sedulous　attention　on　his　own　part　to　all　other



qualifications　than　the　main　fact；　that　his　faculty　at　the　time



of　speaking　was　in　the　main　an　aggregation　of　slack…twisted



schoolmasters　and　men　about　town。　Such　a　characterization；



however；　does　not　carry　any　gravely　invidious　discrimination；　nor



will　it　presumably　serve　in　any　degree　to　identify　the　seat　of



learning　to　which　it　refers。







6。　The　share　and　value　of　the　〃faculty　wives〃　in　all　this　routine



of　resolute　conviviality　is　a　large　topic；　an　intelligent　and



veracious　account　of　which　could　only　be　a　work　of　naive



brutality：







　　　　〃But　the　grim；　grim　Ladies；　Oh；　my　brothers！



　　　　　　　　They　are　ladling　bitterly。



　　　　They　are　ladling　in　the　work…time　of　the　others；



　　　　　　　　In　the　country　of　the　free。〃



　　　　（Mrs。　Elizabret　Harte　Browning；　in　The　Cry　of　the　Heathen



Chinee。）







7。　What　takes　place　without　executive　sanction　need　trouble　no



one。







CHAPTER　VI







The　Portion　of　the　Scientist







　　　　The　principles　of　business　enterprise　touch　the　life　and　work



of　the　academic　staff　at　divers　points　and　with　various　effect。



Under　their　rule；　and　in　so　far　as　they　rule；　the　remuneration



shifts　from　the　basis　of　a　stipend　designed　to　further　the



pursuit　of　knowledge；　to　that　of　a　wage　bargain；　partaking　of　the



nature　of　a　piece…work　scheme；　designed　to　procure　class…room



instruction　at　the　lowest　practicable　cost。　A　businesslike　system



of　accountancy　standardizes　and　measures　this　instruction　by



mechanically　gauged　units　of　duration　and　number；　amplitude　and



frequency；　and　so　discountenances　work　that　rises　above　a　staple



grade　of　mediocrity。　Usage　and　the　urgent　need　of　a　reputable



notoriety　impose　on　university　men　an　extraneous　and　excessively



high　standard　of　living　expenses；　which　constrains　them　to　take



on　supernumerary　work　in　excess　of　what　they　can　carry　in　an



efficient　manner。　The　need　of　university　prestige　enforces　this



high　scale　of　expenses；　and　also　pushes　the　members　of　the　staff



into　a　routine　of　polite　dissipation；　ceremonial　display；



exhibitions　of　quasi…scholarly　proficiency　and　propagandist



intrigue。



　　　　If　these　business　principles　were　quite　free　to　work　out



their　logical　consequences；　untroubled　by　any　disturbing　factors



of　an　unbusinesslike　nature；　the　outcome　should　be　to　put　the



pursuit　of　knowledge　definitively　in　abeyance　within　the



university；　and　to　substitute　for　that　objective　something　for



which　the　language　hitherto　lacks　a　designation。



　　　　For　divers　reasons　of　an　unbusinesslike　kind；　such　a



consummate　（〃sweat…shop〃）　scheme　has　never　fully　been　achieved；



particularly　not　in　establishments　that　are；　properly　speaking；



of　anything　like　university　grade。　This　perfect　scheme　of



low…cost　perfunctory　instruction；　high…cost　stage　properties　and



press…agents；　public　song　and　dance；　expensive　banquets；



speech…making　and　processions；　is　never　fully　rounded　out。　This



amounts　to　admitting　a　partial　defeat　for　the　gild　of



businesslike　〃educators。〃　While；　as　a　matter　of　speculative



predilection；　they　may　not　aim　to　leave　the　higher　learning　out



of　the　university；　the　rule　of　competitive　business　principles



consistently　pushes　their　administration　toward　that　end；　which



they　are　continually　prevented　from　attaining；　by　the　necessary



conditions　under　which　their　competitive　enterprise　is　carried



on。



　　　　For　better　or　worse；　there　are　always　and　necessarily　present



among　the　academic　corps　a　certain　number　of　men　whose　sense　of



the　genteel　properties　is　too　vague　and　meagre；　whose　grasp　of



the　principles　of　official　preferment　is　too　weak　and



inconsequential；　whose　addiction　to　the　pursuit　of　knowledge　is



too　ingrained；　to　permit　their　conforming　wholly　to　the



competitive　exigencies　of　the　case。　By　force　of　the　exigencies　of



competitive　prestige　there　is；　of　course；　a　limit　of　tolerance



that　sets　decent　bounds　both　to　the　number　of　such　supererogatory



scholars　harboured　by　the　university；　and　the　latitude　allowed



them　in　their　intemperate　pursuit　of　knowledge；　but　their



presence　in　the　academic　body　is；　after　all；　neither　an



irrelevant　accident　nor　a　transient　embarrassment。　It　is；　in　one



sense　of　the　expression；　for　the　use　of　such　men；　and　for　the　use



which　such　men　find　for　it；　that　the　university　exists　at　all；　in



some　such　sense；　indeed；　as　a　government；　a　political　machine；　a



railway　corporation　or　a　toll…road；　may　be　said　to　exist　for　the



use　of　the　community　from　which　they　get　their　living。　It　is　true



in　the　sense　that　this　ostensible　use　can　not　be　left　out　of



account　in　the　long　run。　But　even　from　day　to　day　this　scholarly



purpose　is　never　quite　lost　sight　of。　The　habit　of　count