the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及39何蛍
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
to the priests of the community and used for the cure of ague�察�hence the
name of ;Jesuits' bark。; Its value was early recognized by Sydenham and
by Locke。 At first there was a great deal of opposition�察�and the Protestants
did not like it because of its introduction by the Jesuits。 The famous quack�察�
Robert Talbor�察�sold the secret of preparing quinquina to Louis XIV in 1679
for two thousand louis d'or�察�a pension and a title。 That the profession was
divided in opinion on the subject was probably due to sophistication�察�or to
the importation of other and inert barks。 It was well into the eighteenth
century before its virtues were universally acknowledged。 The tree itself
was not described until 1738�察 �and Linnaeus established the genus
;Chinchona; in honor of the Countess。��1�А�
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��1�А�Clements R。 Markham�此�Peruvian Bark�察�John Murray�察�London�察�1880�察�
Memoir of the Lady Anna di Osoria�察 �Countess of Chinchona and Vice´
Queen of Peru�察�1874。
A step in advance followed the objective study of the changes
wrought in the body by disease。 To a few of these the anatomists had
already called attention。 Vesalius�察 �always keen in his description of
aberrations from the normal�察 �was one of the first to describe internal
aneurysm。 The truth is�察�even the best of men had little or no appreciation
of the importance of the study of these changes。 Sydenham scoffs at the
value of post´mortems。
Again we have to go back to Italy for the beginning of these studies�察�
this time to Florence�察�in the glorious days of Lorenzo the Magnificent。 The
pioneer now is not a professor but a general practitioner�察 �Antonio
Benivieni�察 �of whom we know very little save that he was a friend of
Marsilio Ficino and of Angelo Poliziano�察�and that he practiced in Florence
during the last third of the fifteenth century�察 �dying in 1502。 Through
associations with the scholars of the day。 he had become a student of
Greek medicine and he was not only a shrewd and accurate observer of
nature but a bold and successful practitioner。 He had formed the good
habit of making brief notes of his more important cases�察�and after his death
these were found by his brother Jerome and published in 1507。��2�А �This
book has a rare value as the record of the experience of an unusually
intelligent practitioner of the period。 There are in all 111 observations�察�
most of them commendably brief。 The only one of any length deals with
the new ;Morbus Gallicus�察─ �of which�察 �in the short period between its
appearance and Benivieni's death�察 �he had seen enough to leave a very
accurate description�察�and it is interesting to note that even in those early
days mercury was employed for its cure。 The surgical cases are of
exceptional interest�察 �and No。 38 refers to a case of angina for which he
performed a successful operation。 This is supposed to have been a
tracheotomy�察 �and if so�察 �it is the first in the fourteen centuries that had
elapsed since the days of Antyllus。��3�А �There are other important cases
which show that he was a dexterous and fearless surgeon。 But the special
interest of the work for us is that�察�for the first time in modern literature�察�we
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have reports of post´mortem examinations made specifically with a view
to finding out the exact cause of death。 Among the 111 cases�察 �there are
post´mortem records of cases of gallstones�察 �abscess of the mesentery�察�
thrombosis of the mesenteric veins�察�several cases of heart disease�察�senile
gangrene and one of cor villosum。 From no other book do we get so good
an idea of a practitioner's experience at this period�察�the notes are plain and
straightforward�察 �and singularly free from all theoretical and therapeutic
vagaries。 He gives several remarkable instances of faith healing。
��2�А�De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis。
8th�察�Florence�察�Gandhi�察�1507。
��3�А�Possibly it was only a case of angina Ludovici�察�or retro´pharyngeal
abscess。
To know accurately the anatomical changes that take place in disease
is of importance both for diagnosis and for treatment。 The man who
created the science�察�who taught us to think anatomically of disease�察�was
Morgagni�察 �whose ;De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen
indagatis;��4�А �is one of the great books in our literature。 During the
seventeenth century�察 �the practice of making post´mortem examinations
had extended greatly�察�and in the ;Sepulchretum anatomicum; of Bonetus
��1679���察 �these scattered fragments are collected。��5�А �But the work of
Morgagni is of a different type�察 �for in it are the clinical and anatomical
observations of an able physician during a long and active life。 The work
had an interesting origin。 A young friend interested in science and in
medicine was fond of discoursing with Morgagni about his preceptors�察�
particularly Valsalva and Albertini�察�and sometimes the young man inquired
about Morgagni's own observations and thoughts。 Yielding to a strong
wish�察 �Morgagni consented to write his young friend familiar letters
describing his experiences。 I am sorry that Morgagni does not mention the
name of the man to whom we are so much indebted�察�and who�察�he states�察�
was so pleased with the letters that he continually solicited him to send
more and more ;till he drew me on so far as the seventieth�察 � 。 。 when I
begged them of him in order to revise their contents�察 �he did not return
them�察�till he had made me solemnly promise�察�that I would not abridge any
part thereof; ��Preface��。
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��4�А�Venice�察�1761。
��5�А �Boerhaave remarked that if a man wished to deserve or get a
medical degree from ONE medical author let it be this。 ��James Atkinson�此�
Medical Bibliography�察�1834�察�268。��
Born in 1682�察 �Morgagni studied at Bologna under Valsalva and
Albertini。 In 1711�察 �he was elected professor of medicine at Padua。 He
published numerous anatomical observations and several smaller works of
less importance。 The great work which has made his name immortal in the
profession�察�appeared in his eightieth year�察�and represents the accumulated
experience of a long life。 Though written in the form of letters�察�the work is
arranged systematically and has an index of exceptional value。 From no
section does one get a better idea of the character and scope of the work
than from that relating to the heart and arteriesaffections of the
pericardium�察 �diseases of the valves�察 �ulceration�察 �rupture�察 �dilation and
hypertrophy and affections of the aorta are very fully described。 The
section on aneurysm of the aorta remains one of the best ever written。 It is
not the anatomical observations alone that make the work of unusual value�察�
but the combination of clinical with anatomical records。 What could be
more correct than this account of angina pectorisprobably the first in the
literature�拭 �A lady forty´two years of age�察�who for a long time�察�had been a
valetudinarian�察�and within the same period�察�on using pretty quick exercise
of body�察�she was subject to attacks of violent anguish in the upper part of
the chest on the left side�察�accompanied with a difficulty of breathing�察�and
numbness of the left arm�察 �but these paroxysms soon subsided when she
ceased from exertion。 In these circumstances�察 �but with cheerfulness of
mind�察�she undertook a journey from Venice�察�purposing to travel along the
continent�察�when she was seized with a paroxysm�察�and died on the spot。 I
examined the body on the following day。。。。 The aorta was considerably
dilated at its curvature�察 �and�察 �in places�察�through its whole tract�察�the inner
surface was unequal and ossified。 These appearances were propagated into
the arteria innominata。 The aortic valves were indurated。。。。; He remarks�察�
;The delay of blood in the aorta�察�in the heart�察�in the pulmonary vessels�察�
and in the vena cave�察�would occasion the symptoms of which the woman
complained during life�察 �namely�察 �the violent uneasiness�察 �the difficulty of
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breathing�察�and the numbness of the arm。;��6�А�
��6�А �Cooke's Morgagni�察 �Vol。 1�察 �pp。 417´418。 I cannot too warmly
commend to young clinicians the reading of Morgagni。 English editions
are availableAlexander's three´volume translation of 1769 and Cooke's
Abridgement ��London�察 �1822���察 �of which there was