伊浪窮徨慕 > 将砿凪麿窮徨慕 > the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延) >

及39何蛍

the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及39何蛍

弌傍�� the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




to the priests of the community and used for the cure of ague�察�hence the 

name of ;Jesuits' bark。; Its value was early recognized by Sydenham and 

by Locke。 At first there was a great deal of opposition�察�and the Protestants 

did not like it because of its introduction by the Jesuits。 The famous quack�察�

Robert Talbor�察�sold the secret of preparing quinquina to Louis XIV in 1679 

for two thousand louis d'or�察�a pension and a title。 That the profession was 

divided in opinion on the subject was probably due to sophistication�察�or to 

the  importation   of   other   and   inert   barks。   It   was   well   into   the   eighteenth 

century before its virtues were universally acknowledged。 The tree itself 

was     not   described     until   1738�察   �and   Linnaeus      established     the   genus 

;Chinchona; in honor of the Countess。��1�А�



                                               138 


´ Page 139´

                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



     ��1�А�Clements R。 Markham�此�Peruvian Bark�察�John Murray�察�London�察�1880�察�

Memoir   of   the   Lady Anna   di   Osoria�察  �Countess   of   Chinchona   and   Vice´ 

Queen of Peru�察�1874。 

       A   step    in  advance      followed     the   objective     study    of  the   changes 

wrought   in   the   body   by   disease。   To   a   few   of   these   the   anatomists   had 

already      called   attention。     Vesalius�察   �always     keen     in  his   description     of 

aberrations   from   the   normal�察  �was   one   of   the   first   to   describe   internal 

aneurysm。 The truth is�察�even the best of men had little or no appreciation 

of the importance of the study of these changes。 Sydenham scoffs at the 

value of post´mortems。 

     Again we have to go back to Italy for the beginning of these studies�察�

this time to Florence�察�in the glorious days of Lorenzo the Magnificent。 The 

pioneer      now     is  not   a   professor     but   a   general    practitioner�察    �Antonio 

Benivieni�察  �of   whom   we   know   very   little   save   that   he   was   a   friend   of 

Marsilio Ficino and of Angelo Poliziano�察�and that he practiced in Florence 

during   the   last   third   of   the   fifteenth   century�察  �dying      in   1502。   Through 

associations   with   the   scholars   of   the   day。   he   had   become   a   student   of 

Greek medicine   and he   was not only  a shrewd   and accurate observer of 

nature   but   a   bold   and   successful   practitioner。   He   had   formed   the   good 

habit of making brief notes of his more important cases�察�and after his death 

these   were   found   by   his   brother   Jerome   and   published   in   1507。��2�А  �This 

book   has   a   rare   value   as   the   record   of   the   experience   of   an   unusually 

intelligent   practitioner   of   the   period。   There   are   in   all   111   observations�察�

most of them commendably brief。 The only one of any length deals with 

the   new   ;Morbus   Gallicus�察─  �of   which�察  �in   the   short   period   between   its 

appearance   and   Benivieni's   death�察  �he   had   seen   enough   to   leave   a   very 

accurate description�察�and it is interesting to note that even in those early 

days     mercury      was    employed      for   its  cure。   The    surgical     cases   are   of 

exceptional interest�察  �and   No。   38   refers   to   a   case   of   angina   for   which   he 

performed        a  successful     operation。     This    is  supposed       to  have    been    a 

tracheotomy�察  �and   if   so�察  �it   is   the   first   in   the   fourteen   centuries   that   had 

elapsed   since   the   days   of   Antyllus。��3�А  �There   are   other   important   cases 

which show that he was a dexterous and fearless surgeon。 But the special 

interest of the work for us is that�察�for the first time in modern literature�察�we 



                                                  139 


´ Page 140´

                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



have reports of post´mortem examinations made specifically with a view 

to   finding   out   the   exact   cause   of   death。 Among   the   111   cases�察 �there   are 

post´mortem   records        of  cases    of  gallstones�察   �abscess    of  the  mesentery�察�

thrombosis of the mesenteric veins�察�several cases of heart disease�察�senile 

gangrene and one of cor villosum。 From no other book do we get so good 

an idea of a practitioner's experience at this period�察�the notes are plain and 

straightforward�察  �and   singularly   free   from   all   theoretical   and   therapeutic 

vagaries。 He gives several remarkable instances of faith healing。 

     ��2�А�De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis。 

8th�察�Florence�察�Gandhi�察�1507。 

     ��3�А�Possibly it was only a case of angina Ludovici�察�or retro´pharyngeal 

abscess。 

       To know accurately the anatomical changes that take place in disease 

is   of  importance      both   for  diagnosis    and    for  treatment。    The   man    who 

created the science�察�who taught us to think anatomically of disease�察�was 

Morgagni�察       �whose     ;De    sedibus     et   causis    morborum       per    anatomen 

indagatis;��4�А     �is  one   of   the  great   books    in   our   literature。  During     the 

seventeenth   century�察  �the   practice   of   making   post´mortem   examinations 

had extended greatly�察�and in the ;Sepulchretum anatomicum; of Bonetus 

��1679���察    �these    scattered    fragments     are   collected。��5�А    �But   the   work    of 

Morgagni   is   of   a   different   type�察  �for   in   it   are   the   clinical   and   anatomical 

observations of an able physician during a long and active life。 The work 

had   an   interesting   origin。   A   young   friend   interested   in   science   and   in 

medicine   was   fond   of   discoursing   with   Morgagni   about   his   preceptors�察�

particularly Valsalva and Albertini�察�and sometimes the young man inquired 

about   Morgagni's   own   observations   and   thoughts。   Yielding   to   a   strong 

wish�察    �Morgagni      consented     to  write    his  young     friend   familiar    letters 

describing his experiences。 I am sorry that Morgagni does not mention the 

name of the man to whom we are so much indebted�察�and who�察�he states�察�

was   so   pleased   with   the letters   that   he   continually  solicited   him  to   send 

more and more ;till he drew me on so far as the seventieth�察 � 。 。 when I 

begged   them   of   him   in   order   to   revise   their   contents�察  �he   did   not   return 

them�察�till he had made me solemnly promise�察�that I would not abridge any 

part thereof; ��Preface��。 



                                                140 


´ Page 141´

                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



     ��4�А�Venice�察�1761。 

     ��5�А  �Boerhaave   remarked   that   if   a   man   wished   to   deserve   or   get   a 

medical degree from ONE medical author let it be this。 ��James Atkinson�此�

Medical Bibliography�察�1834�察�268。�� 

       Born    in  1682�察  �Morgagni      studied    at  Bologna    under    Valsalva    and 

Albertini。   In   1711�察  �he   was   elected   professor   of   medicine   at   Padua。   He 

published numerous anatomical observations and several smaller works of 

less importance。 The great work which has made his name immortal in the 

profession�察�appeared in his eightieth year�察�and represents the accumulated 

experience of a long life。 Though written in the form of letters�察�the work is 

arranged   systematically  and has   an   index of   exceptional   value。  From  no 

section does one get a better idea of the character and scope of the work 

than    from    that   relating   to   the  heart    and   arteriesaffections     of   the 

pericardium�察     �diseases    of   the  valves�察   �ulceration�察  �rupture�察   �dilation   and 

hypertrophy      and   affections    of  the  aorta   are  very   fully   described。    The 

section on aneurysm of the aorta remains one of the best ever written。 It is 

not the anatomical observations alone that make the work of unusual value�察�

but   the   combination   of   clinical   with   anatomical   records。   What   could   be 

more correct than this account of angina pectorisprobably the first in the 

literature�拭 �A lady forty´two years of age�察�who for a long time�察�had been a 

valetudinarian�察�and within the same period�察�on using pretty quick exercise 

of body�察�she was subject to attacks of violent anguish in the upper part of 

the chest on the left side�察�accompanied with a difficulty of breathing�察�and 

numbness of   the left   arm�察  �but   these paroxysms   soon   subsided   when   she 

ceased   from   exertion。   In   these   circumstances�察  �but   with   cheerfulness   of 

mind�察�she undertook a journey from Venice�察�purposing to travel along the 

continent�察�when she was seized with a paroxysm�察�and died on the spot。 I 

examined   the   body   on   the   following   day。。。。   The   aorta   was   considerably 

dilated at   its   curvature�察  �and�察 �in   places�察�through its   whole   tract�察�the inner 

surface was unequal and ossified。 These appearances were propagated into 

the arteria innominata。 The aortic valves were indurated。。。。; He  remarks�察�

;The delay of blood in  the aorta�察�in the  heart�察�in the pulmonary  vessels�察�

and in the vena cave�察�would occasion the symptoms of which the woman 

complained   during   life�察  �namely�察  �the   violent   uneasiness�察  �the   difficulty   of 



                                               141 


´ Page 142´

                         THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



breathing�察�and the numbness of the arm。;��6�А�

     ��6�А  �Cooke's     Morgagni�察     �Vol。   1�察 �pp。   417´418。     I  cannot    too   warmly 

commend   to   young   clinicians   the   reading   of   Morgagni。   English   editions 

are   availableAlexander's   three´volume   translation   of   1769   and   Cooke's 

Abridgement   ��London�察  �1822���察  �of   which   there   was

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��

低辛嬬浪散議