science of logic-第48部分

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their　destiny　only　by　being　used　and　worn　away　and　they　correspond　to　what　they　are　supposed
to　be　only　through　their　negation。　They　are　not　positively　united　with　the　end；　because　they
possess　self…determination　only　externally　and　are　only　relative　ends；　or　essentially　nothing　but
means。

These　ends；　as　we　have　seen；　have　in　general　a　limited　content；　their　form　is　the　infinite
self…determination　of　the　Notion；　which　through　that　content　has　limited　itself　to　an　external
individuality。　The　limited　content　makes　these　ends　inadequate　to　the　infinity　of　the　Notion　and
reduces　them　to　an　untruth；　such　a　determinateness　is　already　through　the　sphere　of　necessity；
through　being；　at　the　mercy　of　becoming　and　alteration　and　must　pass　away。

3。　Thus　we　obtain　the　result　that　external　purposiveness　which　has　as　yet　only　the　form　of
teleology；　really　only　comes　to　be　a　means；　not　an　objective　end…because　the　subjective　end
remains　an　external　subjective　determination；　or；　in　so　far　as　the　end　is　active　and　realises　itself；
though　only　in　a　means　it　is　still　connected　with　the　object　immediately；　immersed　in　it；　it　is　itself
an　object；　and　the　end；　one　may　say；　does　not　attain　to　a　means；　because　the　realisation　of　the　end
is　a　prior　requirement　before　that　realisation　could　be　brought　about　through　a　means。

In　fact；　however；　the　result　is　not　only　an　external　end　relation；　but　the　truth　of　it；　an　internal　end
relation　and　an　objective　end。　The　externality　of　the　object；　self…subsistent　as　against　the　Notion；
which　the　end　presupposes　for　itself　is　posited　in　this　presupposition　as　an　unessential　illusory
show　and　is　also　already　sublated　in　and　for　itself；　the　activity　of　the　end　is　therefore；　strictly
speaking；　only　the　representation　of　this　illusory　show　and　the　sublating　of　it。　As　the　Notion　has
shown　us；　the　first　object　becomes　by　communication　a　means；　because　it　is　in　itself　totality　of　the
Notion；　and　its　determinateness　which　is　none　other　than　externality　itself　is　posited　merely　as
something　external　and　unessential　and　therefore　appears　within　the　end　itself　as　the　end's　own
moment　not　as　a　self…subsistent　moment　relatively　to　the　end。　Thus　the　determination　of　the　object
as　a　means　is　purely　an　immediate　one。　Accordingly；　in　order　to　make　that　object　a　means；　the
subjective　end　requires　to　use　no　violence　against　the　object；　no　reinforcement　against　it　other　than
the　reinforcing　of　itself；　the　resolve　＇Entschluss＇；　the　explication　＇Aufschluss＇；　this　determination
of　itself；　is　the　merely　posited　externality　of　the　object；　which　appears　therein　as　immediately
subjected　to　the　end　and　possesses　no　other　determination　counter　to　it　than　that　of　the　nullity　of
the　being…in…and…for…self。

The　second　sublating　of　objectivity　by　objectivity　differs　from　the　above　as　follows：　the　former
sublation；　as　the　first；　is　the　end　in　objective　immediacy；　and　therefore　the　second　is　not　merely
the　sublating　of　a　first　immediacy　but　of　both；　of　the　objective　as　something　merely　posited；　and　of
the　immediate。　In　this　way；　the　negativity　returns　into　it　self　in　such　a　manner　that　it　is　equally　a
restoration　of　the　objectivity　but　of　an　objectivity　identical　with　it；　and　in　this　it　is　as　at　the　same
time　also　a　positing　of　the　objectivity　as　an　external　objectivity　determined　only　by　the　end。
Through　the　latter　circumstance　this　product　remains　as　before　also　a　means；　through　the　former　it
is　objectivity　that　is　identical　with　the　Notion；　the　realised　end；　in　which　the　side　of　being　a　means
is　the　reality　of　the　end　itself。　In　the　realised　end　the　means　vanishes；　for　it　would　be　the　objectivity
that　is　as　yet　only　immediately　subsumed　under　the　end；　and　in　the　realised　end　objectivity　is
present　as　the　return　of　the　end　into　itself；　further；　with　it　there　also　vanishes　the　mediation　itself　as
a　relation　of　something　external；　on　the　one　side；　into　the　concrete　identity　of　the　objective　end；
and　on　the　other；　into　the　same　identity　as　abstract　identity　and　immediacy　of　existence。

Herein　is　also　contained　the　mediation　that　was　demanded　for　the　first　premise；　the　immediate
relation　of　the　end　to　the　object。　The　realised　end　is　also　means；　and　conversely　the　truth　of　the
means　is　just　this；　to　be　itself　a　real　end；　and　the　first　sublating　of　objectivity　is　already　also　the
second；　just　as　the　second　proved　to　contain　the　first；　as　well。　That　is　to　say；　the　Notion
determines　itself；　its　determinateness　is　external　indifference；　which　is　immediately　determined　in
the　resolution　＇Entschluss＇　as　sublated；　namely　as　internal；　subjective　indifference；　and　at　the
same　time　as　a　presupposed　object。　Its　further　passage　out　from　itself　which　appeared；　namely；
as　an　immediate　communication　and　subsumption　of　the　presupposed　object　under　it；　is　at　the
same　time　a　sublating　of　the　former　determinateness　of　externality　that　was　internal　and　enclosed
within　the　Notion；　that　is；　posited　as　sublated；　and　at　the　same　time　a　sublating　of　the
presupposition　of　an　object；　consequently；　this　apparently　first　sublating　of　the　indifferent
objectivity　is　already　the　second　as　well；　a　reflection…into…self　that　has　passed　through　mediation；
and　the　realised　end。

Since　the　Notion　here　in　the　sphere　of　objectivity；　where　its　determinateness　has　the　form　of
indifferent　externality；　is　in　reciprocal　action　with　itself；　the　exposition　of　its　movement　here
becomes　doubly　difficult　and　involved；　because　this　movement　is　itself　double　and　a　first　is　always
a　second　also。　In　the　Notion　taken　by　itself；　that　is　in　its　subjectivity；　its　difference　from　itself
appears　as　an　immediate　identical　totality　on　its　own　account；　but　since　its　determinateness　here　is
indifferent　externality；　its　identity　with　itself　in　this　externality　is　also　immediately　again
self…repulsion；　so　that　what　is　determined　as　external　and　indifferent　to　the　identity　is　the　identity
itself；　and　the　identity　as　identity；　as　reflected　into　itself；　is　rather　its　other。　Only　by　keeping　this
firmly　in　mind　can　we　grasp　the　objective　return　of　the　Notion　into　itself；　that　is；　the　true
objectification　of　the　Notion…grasp　that　each　of　the　single　moments　through　which　this　mediation
runs　its　course　is　itself　the　entire　syllogism　of　those　moments。

Thus　the　original　inner　externality　of　the　Notion　through　which　it　is　self…repellent　unity；　the　end　and
the　striving　of　the　end　towards　objectification；　is　the　immediate　positing　or　presupposition　of　an
external　object；　the　_self…determination　is　also　the　determination　of　an　external　object　not
determined　by　the　Notion；　and　conversely；　the　latter　determination　is　self…determination；　that　is；
externality　sublated　and　posited　as　internal…or　the　certainty　of　the　unessentiality　of　the　external
object。　Of　the　second　relation；　the　determination　of　the　object　as　means；　it　has　just　been　shown
how　it　is　within　itself　the　mediation　of　the　end　in　the　object　with　itself。　Similarly；　the　third　relation；
mechanism；　which　proceeds　under　the　dominance　of　the　end　and　sublates　the　object　by　the
object；　is　on　the　one　hand　a　sublating　of　the　means；　of　the　object　already　posited　as　sublated　and
is　therefore　a　second　sublating　and　a　reflection…into…self；　while　on　the　other　hand　it　is　a　first
determining　of　the　external　object。　The　latter；　as　has　been　remarked；　is　the　production　again　in　the
realised　end　only　of　a　means；　the　subjectivity　of　the　finite　Notion；　contemptuously　rejecting　the
means；　has　attained　to）　nothing　better　in　its　goal。　But　this　reflection　that　the　end　is　reached　in　the
means；　and　that　in　the　fulfilled　end；　means　and　mediation　are　preserved；　is　the　last　result　of　the
external　end…relation；　a　result　in　which　that　relation　has　sublated　itself；　and　which　it　has　exhibited
as　its　truth。　The　third　syllogism　that　was　considered　last　is　distinguished　by　the　fact　that　it　is；　in　the
first　place；　the　subjective　purposive　activity　of　the　preceding　syllogisms；　but　is　also　the
spontaneous　sublation　of　external　objectivity；　and　therewith　of　externality　in　general；　and　hence　is
the　totality　in　its　positedness。

First　we　saw　subjectivity；　the　Notion's　being…for…self；　pass　over；　into　its　in…itself；　objectivity；　to
be　followed　by　the　reappearance　in　the　latter　of　the　negativity　of　the　Notion's　being…for…self；　in　that
negativity　the　Notion　has　determined　itself　in　such　a　manner　that　its　particularity　is　an　external
objectivity；　or　it　has　determined　itself　as　a　simple　concrete　unity　whose　externality　is　its
self…determination。　The　movement　of　the　end　has　now　reached　the　stage　where　the　moment　of
externality　is　not　merely　posited　in　the　Notion；　where　the　end　is　not　merely　an　ought…to…be　and　a
striving　to　realise　itself；　but　as　a　concrete　totality　is　identical　with　the；　immediate　objectivity。　This
identity　is　on　the　one　hand　the　simple　Notion　and　the　equally　immediate　objectivity；　but　on　the
other　hand；　it　is　just　as　essentially　a　mediation；　and　only　through　the　latter　as　a　self…sublating
mediation　is　it　that　simple　immediacy；　the　Notion　is　therefore　essentially　this：　to　be　distinct　as　an
explicit　identity　from　its　implicit　objectivity；　and　thereby　to　possess　externality；　yet　in　this　external
totality　to　be　the　totality's　self…determining　identity。　As　such；　the　Notion　is　now　the　Idea。　




BOOK　III：　The　Doctrine　of　the　Notion
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Section　Three：　The　Idea

　　　　　　　　　　　　　Life　…　Cognition　…　The　Absolute　Idea

The　Idea　is　the　adequate　Notion；　that　which　is　objectively　true；　or　the　true　as　such。　When
anything　whatever　possesses　truth；　it　possesses　it　through　its　Idea；　or；　something　possesses　truth
only　in　so　far　as　it　is　Idea。　The　expression　'idea'　has　often　been　employed　in　philosophy　as　in
ordinary　life　for　'notion'；　indeed；　even　for　a　mere　ordinary　conception：　'I　have　no　idea　yet　of　this
lawsuit；　building；　neighbourhood'；　means　nothing　more　than　the　ordinary　conception。　Kant　has
reclaimed　the　expression　Idea　for　the　notion　of　reason。　Now　according　to　Kant；　the　notion　of
reason　is　supposed　to　be　the　notion　of　the　unconditioned；　but　a　notion　transcendent　in　regard　to
phenomena；　that　is；　no　empirical　use　can　be　made　of　such　notion　that　is　adequate　to　it。　The
notions　of　reason　are　to　serve