the athenian constitution-第13部分

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ard　in　the　Areopagus；　are　　tried　by　the　Ephetae　on　whom　the　lot　falls。　The　King　introduces　them；　and　the　hearing　is　held　within　sacred　precincts　and　in　the　open　air。　Whenever　the　King　hears　a　case　he　takes　off　his　crown。　The　person　who　is　charged　with　homicide　is　at　all　other　times　excluded　from　the　temples；　nor　is　it　even　lawful　for　him　to　enter　the　market…place；　but　on　the　occasion　of　his　trial　he　enters　the　temple　and　makes　his　defence。　If　the　actual　offender　is　unknown；　the　writ　runs　　against　'the　doer　of　the　deed'。　The　King　and　the　tribe…kings　also　hear　　the　cases　in　which　the　guilt　rests　on　inanimate　objects　and　the　lower　animal。　Part　58

　　The　Polemarch　performs　the　sacrifices　to　Artemis　the　　huntress　and　to　Enyalius；　and　arranges　the　contest　at　the　funeral　of　those　who　have　fallen　in　war；　and　makes　offerings　to　the　memory　of　Harmodius　and　Aristogeiton。　Only　private　actions　come　before　him；　namely　those　in　which　resident　aliens；　both　ordinary　and　privileged；　and　agents　of　foreign　states　are　concerned。　It　is　his　duty　to　receive　these　cases　and　divide　them　into　ten　groups；　and　assign　to　each　tribe　the　group　which　comes　to　it　by　lot；　after　which　the　magistrates　who　introduce　cases　for　the　tribe　hand　them　over　to　the　Arbitrators。　The　Polemarch；　however；　brings　up　in　person　cases　in　which　an　alien　is　charged　with　deserting　his　patron　or　neglecting　to　provide　himself　with　one；　and　also　of　inheritances　and　wards　of　state　where　　aliens　are　concerned；　and　in　fact；　generally；　whatever　the　Archon　does　for　citizens；　the　Polemarch　does　for　aliens。

Part　59

　　The　Thesmothetae　in　the　first　place　have　the　power　of　　prescribing　on　what　days　the　lawcourts　are　to　sit；　and　next　of　assigning　them　to　the　several　magistrates；　for　the　latter　must　follow　the　arrangement　which　the　Thesmothetae　assign。　Moreover　they　introduce　impeachments　before　the　Assembly；　and　bring　up　all　votes　for　removal　from　office；　challenges　of　a　magistrate's　conduct　before　the　Assembly；　indictments　for　illegal　proposals；　or　for　proposing　a　law　which　is　contrary　to　the　interests　of　the　state；　complaints　against　Proedri　or　their　president　for　their　conduct　in　office；　and　the　accounts　presented　by　the　generals。　All　indictments　also　come　before　them　in　which　a　deposit　has　to　be　made　by　the　prosecutor；　namely；　indictments　for　concealment　of　foreign　origin；　for　corrupt　evasion　of　foreign　origin　（when　a　man　escapes　the　disqualification　by　bribery）；　for　blackmailing　accusations；　bribery；　false　entry　of　another　as　a　state　debtor；　false　testimony　to　the　service　of　a　summons；　conspiracy　to　enter　a　man　as　a　state　debtor；　corrupt　removal　from　the　list　of　debtors；　and　adultery。　They　also　　bring　up　the　examinations　of　all　magistrates；　and　the　rejections　by　the　demes　and　the　condemnations　by　the　Council。　Moreover　they　bring　up　certain　private　suits　in　cases　of　merchandise　and　mines；　or　where　a　slave　has　slandered　a　free　man。　It　is　they　also　who　cast　lots　to　assign　the　courts　to　the　various　magistrates；　whether　for　private　or　public　cases。　They　ratify　commercial　treaties；　and　bring　up　the　cases　which　arise　out　of　such　treaties；　and　they　also　bring　up　cases　of　perjury　from　the　Areopagus。　The　casting　of　lots　for　the　jurors　is　　conducted　by　all　the　nine　Archons；　with　the　clerk　to　the　Thesmothetae　as　　the　tenth；　each　performing　the　duty　for　his　own　tribe。　Such　are　the　　duties　of　the　nine　Archons。

Part　60

　　There　are　also　ten　Commissioners　of　Games　（Athlothetae）；　elected　by　lot；　one　from　each　tribe。　These　officers；　after　passing　an　examination；　serve　for　four　years；　and　they　manage　the　Panathenaic　procession；　the　contest　in　music　and　that　in　gymnastic；　and　the　horse…race；　they　also　provide　the　robe　of　Athena　and；　in　conjunction　with　the　Council；　the　vases；　and　they　present　the　oil　to　the　　athletes。　This　oil　is　collected　from　the　sacred　olives。　The　Archon　requisitions　it　from　the　owners　of　the　farms　on　which　the　sacred　olives　grow；　at　the　rate　of　three…quarters　of　a　pint　from　each　plant。　Formerly　the　state　used　to　sell　the　fruit　itself；　and　if　any　one　dug　up　or　broke　down　one　of　the　sacred　olives；　he　was　　tried　by　the　Council　of　Areopagus；　and　if　he　was　condemned；　the　penalty　was　death。　Since；　however；　the　oil　has　been　paid　by　the　owner　of　　the　farm；　the　procedure　has　lapsed；　though　the　law　remains；　and　the　oil　is　a　state　charge　upon　the　property　instead　of　being　taken　from　the　individual　plants。　When；　then；　the　Archon　has　collected　the　oil　for　his　year　of　office；　he　hands　it　over　to　the　Treasurers　to　preserve　in　the　Acropolis；　and　he　may　not　take　his　seat　in　the　Areopagus　until　he　has　paid　over　to　the　Treasurers　the　full　amount。　The　Treasurers　keep　it　in　the　Acropolis　until　the　Panathenaea；　when　they　measure　it　out　to　the　Commissioners　of　Games；　and　they　again　to　the　victorious　competitors。　The　prizes　for　the　victors　in　the　musical　contest　consist　of　silver　and　gold；　for　the　victors　in　manly　vigour；　of　shields；　and　for　the　victors　in　the　gymnastic　contest　and　the　horse…race；　of　oil。

Part　61

　　All　officers　connected　with　military　service　are　elected　by　open　vote。　In　the　first　place；　ten　Generals　（Strategi）；　who　were　formerly　elected　one　from　each　tribe；　but　now　are　chosen　from　the　　whole　mass　of　citizens。　Their　duties　are　assigned　to　them　by　open　vote；　one　is　appointed　to　command　the　heavy　infantry；　and　leads　them　if　　they　go　out　to　war；　one　to　the　defence　of　the　country；　who　remains　on　the　defensive；　and　fights　if　there　is　war　within　the　borders　of　the　country；　two　to　Piraeus；　one　of　whom　is　assigned　to　Munichia；　and　one　to　the　south　shore；　and　these　have　charge　of　the　defence　of　the　Piraeus；　and　one　to　superintend　the　symmories；　who　nominates　the　trierarchs　arranges　exchanges　of　properties　for　them；　and　brings　up　actions　to　decide　on　rival　claims　in　connexion　with　them。　　The　rest　are　dispatched　to　whatever　business　may　be　on　hand　at　the　moment。　The　appointment　of　these　officers　is　submitted　for　confirmation　in　each　prytany；　when　the　question　is　put　whether　they　are　considered　to　be　doing　their　duty。　If　any　officer　is　rejected　on　this　vote；　　he　is　tried　in　the　lawcourt；　and　if　he　is　found　guilty　the　people　decide　what　punishment　or　fine　shall　be　inflicted　on　him；　but　if　he　is　acquitted　he　resumes　his　office。　The　Generals　have　full　power；　when　on　active　service；　to　arrest　any　one　for　insubordination；　or　to　cashier　him　publicly；　or　to　inflict　a　fine；　the　latter　is；　however；　unusual。　　　There　are　also　ten　Taxiarchs；　one　from　each　tribe；　elected　by　open　vote；　and　each　commands　his　own　tribesmen　and　appoints　captains　of　companies　（Lochagi）。　There　are　also　two　Hipparchs；　elected　by　open　vote　from　the　whole　mass　of　the　citizens；　who　command　the　cavalry；　each　taking　five　tribes。　They　have　the　same　powers　as　the　Generals　have　in　respect　of　the　infantry；　and　their　appointments　are　also　subject　to　confirmation。　There　are　also　ten　Phylarchs；　　elected　by　open　vote；　one　from　each　tribe；　to　command　the　cavalry；　as　the　　Taxiarchs　do　the　infantry。　There　is　also　a　Hipparch　for　Lemnos；　elected　by　open　vote；　who　has　charge　of　the　cavalry　in　Lemnos。　There　is　also　a　treasurer　of　the　Paralus；　and　another　of　the　Ammonias；　similarly　elected。

Part　62

　　Of　the　magistrates　elected　by　lot；　in　former　times　some　including　the　nine　Archons；　were　elected　out　of　the　tribe　as　a　whole；　while　others；　namely　those　who　are　now　elected　in　the　Theseum；　were　apportioned　among　the　demes；　but　since　the　demes　used　to　sell　the　elections；　these　magistrates　too　are　now　elected　from　the　　whole　tribe；　except　the　members　of　the　Council　and　the　guards　of　the　　dockyards；　who　are　still　left　to　the　demes。　　　Pay　is　received　for　the　following　services。　First　the　　members　of　the　Assembly　receive　a　drachma　for　the　ordinary　meetings；　and　nine　obols　for　the　'sovereign'　meeting。　Then　the　jurors　at　the　　law…courts　receive　three　obols；　and　the　members　of　the　Council　five　obols。　They　Prytanes　receive　an　allowance　of　an　obol　for　their　maintenance。　The　nine　Archons　receive　four　obols　apiece　for　maintenance；　and　also　keep　a　herald　and　a　flute…player；　and　the　Archon　for　Salamis　receives　a　drachma　a　day。　The　Commissioners　for　Games　dine　in　the　Prytaneum　during　the　month　of　Hecatombaeon　in　which　the　Panathenaic　festival　takes　place；　from　the　fourteenth　day　onwards。　The　Amphictyonic　deputies　to　Delos　receive　a　drachma　a　day　from　the　exchequer　of　Delos。　Also　all　magistrates　sent　to　Samos；　Scyros；　Lemnos；　or　Imbros　receive　an　allowance　for　their　maintenance。　The　military　offices　may　be　held　any　number　of　times；　but　none　of　the　others　more　than　once；　except　the　membership　of　the　Council；　　which　may　be　held　twice。

Part　63

　　The　juries　for　the　law…courts　are　chosen　by　lot　by　the　　nine　Archons；　each　for　their　own　tribe；　and　by　the　clerk　to　the　　Thesmothetae　for　the　tenth。　There　are　ten　entrances　into　the　courts；　one　for　each　tribe；　twenty　rooms　in　which　the　lots　are　drawn；　two　for　each　tribe；　a　hundred　chests；　ten　for　each　tribe；　other　chests；　in　which　are　placed　the　tickets　of　the　jurors　on　whom　the　lot　falls；　and　　two　vases。　Further；　staves；　equal　in　number　to　the　jurors　required；　are　　placed　by　the　side　of　each　entrance；　and　counters　are　put　into　one　vase；　equal　in　number　to　the　staves。　These　are　inscribed　with　letters　of　the　alphabet　beginning　with　the　eleventh　（lambda）；　equal　in　number　to　the　courts　which　require　to　be　filled。　All　persons　above　thirty　years　of　age　are　qualified　to　serve　as　jurors；　provided　they　are　not　debtors　to　the　state　and　have　not　lost　their　civil　rights。　If　any　unqualified　person　serves　as　juror；　an　information　is　laid　against　him；　and　he　is　brought　before　the　court；　and；　if　he　is　convicted；　the　jurors　assess　the　punishment　or　fine　which　they　consider　him　to　deserve。　If　he　is　condemned　to　a　money　fine；　he　must　be　imprisoned　until　he　has　paid　up　both　the　original　debt；　on　account　of　which　the　information　was　laid　against　him；　and　also　the　fine　which　　the　court　as　imposed　upon　him。　Each　juror　has　his　ticket　of　boxwood；　on　which　is　inscribed　his　name；　with　the　name　of　his　father　and　his　deme；　and　one　of　the　letters　of　the　alphabet　up　to　kappa；　for　the　jurors　in　their　several　tribes　are　divided　into　ten　sections；　with　　approximately　an　equal　number　in　each　letter。　When　the　Thesmothetes　has　decided　by　lot　which　letters　are　required