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command　them　to　quit　these　kingdoms　within　six　months；　to　be　



reckoned　from　the　day　of　the　ratification　of　these　presents；　and　



that　they　do　not　return　to　the　same　under　pain　of　death。〃







'Against　this；　two　things　may　possibly　be　urged：…







'The　first；　that　the　laws　of　Spain　give　unto　the　Gitanos　the　



alternative　of　residing　in　large　towns；　which；　it　appears；　would　be　



better　than　expelling　them。　　But　experience；　recognised　by　grave　



and　respectable　men；　has　shown　that　it　is　not　well　to　harbour　these　



people；　for　their　houses　are　dens　of　thieves；　from　whence　they　



prowl　abroad　to　rob　the　land。







'The　second；　that　it　appears　a　pity　to　banish　the　women　and　



children。　　But　to　this　can　be　opposed　that　holy　act　of　your　Majesty　



which　expelled　the　Moriscos；　and　the　children　of　the　Moriscos；　for　



the　reason　given　in　the　royal　edict。　　WHENEVER　ANY　DETESTABLE　CRIME　



IS　COMMITTED　BY　ANY　UNIVERSITY；　IT　IS　WELL　TO　PUNISH　ALL。　　And　the　



most　detestable　crimes　of　all　are　those　which　the　Gitanos　commit；　



since　it　is　notorious　that　they　subsist　on　what　they　steal；　and　as　



to　the　children；　there　is　no　law　which　obliges　us　to　bring　up　wolf…



whelps；　to　cause　here…after　certain　damage　to　the　flock。











'IT　HAS　EVER　BEEN　THE　PRACTICE　OF　PRINCES　TO　EXPEL　THE　GITANOS











'Every　one　who　considers　the　manner　of　your　Majesty's　government　as　



the　truly　Christian　pattern　must　entertain　fervent　hope　that　the　



advice　proffered　in　this　discourse　will　be　attended　to；　more　



especially　on　reflecting　that　not　only　the　good；　but　even　the　most　



barbarous　kings　have　acted　up　to　it　in　their　respective　dominions。







'Pharaoh　was　bad　enough；　nevertheless　he　judged　that　the　children　



of　Israel　were　dangerous　to　the　state；　because　they　appeared　to　him　



to　be　living　without　any　certain　occupation；　and　for　this　very　



reason　the　Chaldeans　cast　them　out　of　Babylon。　　Amasis；　king　of　



Egypt；　drove　all　the　vagrants　from　his　kingdom；　forbidding　them　to　



return　under　pain　of　death。　　The　Soldan　of　Egypt　expelled　the　



Torlaquis。　　The　Moors　did　the　same；　and　Bajazet　cast　them　out　of　



all　the　Ottoman　empire；　according　to　Leo　Clavius。







'In　the　second　place；　the　Christian　princes　have　deemed　it　an　



important　measure　of　state。







'The　emperor　our　Lord；　in　the　German　Diets　of　the　year　1548；　



expelled　the　Gitanos　from　all　his　empire；　and　these　were　the　words　



of　the　decree：　　〃Zigeuner　quos　compertum　est　proditores　esse；　et　



exploratores　hostium　nusquam　in　imperio　locum　inveniunto。　　In　



deprehensos　vis　et　injuria　sine　fraude　esto。　　Fides　publica　



Zigeuners　ne　dator；　nec　data　servator。〃







'The　King　of　France；　Francis；　expelled　them　from　thence；　and　the　



Duke　of　Terranova；　when　Governor　of　Milan　for　our　lord　the　king；　



obliged　them　to　depart　from　that　territory　under　pain　of　death。







'Thirdly；　there　is　one　grand　reason　which　ought　to　be　conclusive　in　



moving　him　who　so　much　values　himself　in　being　a　faithful　son　of　



the　church；　…　I　mean　the　example　which　Pope　Pius　the　Fifth　gave　to　



all　the　princes；　for　he　drove　the　Gitanos　from　all　his　domains；　and　



in　the　year　1568；　he　expelled　the　Jews；　assigning　as　reasons　for　



their　expulsion　those　which　are　more　closely　applicable　to　the　



Gitanos；　…　namely；　that　they　sucked　the　vitals　of　the　state；　



without　being　of　any　utility　whatever；　that　they　were　thieves　



themselves；　and　harbourers　of　others；　that　they　were　wizards；　



diviners；　and　wretches　who　induced　people　to　believe　that　they　knew　



the　future；　which　is　what　the　Gitanos　at　present　do　by　telling　



fortunes。







'Your　Majesty　has　already　freed　us　from　greater　and　more　dangerous　



enemies；　finish；　therefore；　the　enterprise　begun；　whence　will　



result　universal　joy　and　security；　and　by　which　your　Majesty　will　



earn　immortal　honour。　　Amen。







'O　Regum　summe；　horum　plura　ne　temnas　（absit）　ne　forte　tempsisse　



Hispaniae　periculosum　existat。'















CHAPTER　XI















PERHAPS　there　is　no　country　in　which　more　laws　have　been　framed；　



having　in　view　the　extinction　and　suppression　of　the　Gypsy　name；　



race；　and　manner　of　life；　than　Spain。　　Every　monarch；　during　a　



period　of　three　hundred　years；　appears　at　his　accession　to　the　



throne　to　have　considered　that　one　of　his　first　and　most　imperative　



duties　consisted　in　suppressing　or　checking　the　robberies；　frauds；　



and　other　enormities　of　the　Gitanos；　with　which　the　whole　country　



seems　to　have　resounded　since　the　time　of　their　first　appearance。







They　have；　by　royal　edicts；　been　repeatedly　banished　from　Spain；　



under　terrible　penalties；　unless　they　renounced　their　inveterate　



habits；　and　for　the　purpose　of　eventually　confounding　them　with　the　



residue　of　the　population；　they　have　been　forbidden；　even　when　



stationary；　to　reside　together；　every　family　being　enjoined　to　live　



apart；　and　neither　to　seek　nor　to　hold　communication　with　others　of　



the　race。







We　shall　say　nothing　at　present　as　to　the　wisdom　which　dictated　



these　provisions；　nor　whether　others　might　not　have　been　devised；　



better　calculated　to　produce　the　end　desired。　　Certain　it　is；　that　



the　laws　were　never；　or　very　imperfectly；　put　in　force；　and　for　



reasons　with　which　their　expediency　or　equity　（which　no　one　at　the　



time　impugned）　had　no　connection　whatever。







It　is　true　that；　in　a　country　like　Spain；　abounding　in　wildernesses　



and　almost　inaccessible　mountains；　the　task　of　hunting　down　and　



exterminating　or　banishing　the　roving　bands　would　have　been　found　



one　of　no　slight　difficulty；　even　if　such　had　ever　been　attempted；　



but　it　must　be　remembered；　that　from　an　early　period　colonies　of　



Gitanos　have　existed　in　the　principal　towns　of　Spain；　where　the　men　



have　plied　the　trades　of　jockeys　and　blacksmiths；　and　the　women　



subsisted　by　divination；　and　all　kinds　of　fraud。　　These　colonies　



were；　of　course；　always　within　the　reach　of　the　hand　of　justice；　



yet　it　does　not　appear　that　they　were　more　interfered　with　than　the　



roving　and　independent　bands；　and　that　any　serious　attempts　were　



made　to　break　them　up；　though　notorious　as　nurseries　and　refuges　of　



crime。







It　is　a　lamentable　fact；　that　pure　and　uncorrupt　justice　has　never　



existed　in　Spain；　as　far　at　least　as　record　will　allow　us　to　judge；　



not　that　the　principles　of　justice　have　been　less　understood　there　



than　in　other　countries；　but　because　the　entire　system　of　



justiciary　administration　has　ever　been　shamelessly　profligate　and　



vile。







Spanish　justice　has　invariably　been　a　mockery；　a　thing　to　be　bought　



and　sold；　terrible　only　to　the　feeble　and　innocent；　and　an　



instrument　of　cruelty　and　avarice。







The　tremendous　satires　of　Le　Sage　upon　Spanish　corregidors　and　



alguazils　are　true；　even　at　the　present　day；　and　the　most　notorious　



offenders　can　generally　escape；　if　able　to　administer　sufficient　



bribes　to　the　ministers　（40）　of　what　is　misnamed　justice。







The　reader；　whilst　perusing　the　following　extracts　from　the　laws　



framed　against　the　Gitanos；　will　be　filled　with　wonder　that　the　



Gypsy　sect　still　exists　in　Spain；　contrary　to　the　declared　will　of　



the　sovereign　and　the　nation；　so　often　repeated　during　a　period　of　



three　hundred　years；　yet　such　is　the　fact；　and　it　can　only　be　



accounted　for　on　the　ground　of　corruption。







It　was　notorious　that　the　Gitanos　had　powerful　friends　and　



favourers　in　every　district；　who　sanctioned　and　encouraged　them　in　



their　Gypsy　practices。　　These　their　fautors　were　of　all　ranks　and　



grades；　from　the　corregidor　of　noble　blood　to　the　low　and　obscure　



escribano；　and　from　the　viceroy　of　the　province　to　the　archer　of　



the　Hermandad。







To　the　high　and　noble；　they　were　known　as　Chalanes；　and　to　the　



plebeian　functionaries；　as　people　who；　notwithstanding　their　



general　poverty；　could　pay　for　protection。







A　law　was　even　enacted　against　these　protectors　of　the　Gitanos；　



which　of　course　failed；　as　the　execution　of　the　law　was　confided　to　



the　very　delinquents　against　whom　it　was　directed。　　Thus；　the　



Gitano　bought；　sold；　and　exchanged　animals　openly；　though　he　



subjected　himself　to　the　penalty　of　death　by　so　doing；　or　left　his　



habitation　when　he　thought　fit；　though　such　an　act；　by　the　law　of　



the　land；　was　punishable　with　the　galleys。







In　one　of　their　songs　they　have　commemorated　the　impunity　with　



which　they　wandered　about。　　The　escribano；　to　whom　the　Gitanos　of　



the　neighbourhood　pay　contribution；　on　a　strange　Gypsy　being　



brought　before　him；　instantly　orders　him　to　be　liberated；　assigning　



as　a　reason　that　he　is　no　Gitano；　but　a　legitimate　Spaniard：…











'I　left　my　house；　and　walked　about



They　seized　me　fast；　and　bound：



It　is　a　Gypsy　thief；　they　shout；



The　Spaniards　here　have　found。







'From　out　the　prison　me　they　led；



Before　the　scribe　they　brought；



It　is　no　Gypsy　thief；　he　said；



The　Spaniards　here　have　caught。'











In　a　word；　nothing　was　to　be　gained　by　interfering　with　the　



Gitanos；　by　those　in　whose　hands　the　power　was　vested；　but；　on　the　



contrary；　something　was　to　be　lost。　　The　chief　sufferers　were　the　



labourers；　and　they　had　no　power　to　right　themselves；　though　their　



wrongs　were　universally　admitted；　and　laws　for　their　protection　



continually　being　made；　which　their　enemies　contrived　to　set　at　



nought；　as　will　presently　be　seen。







The　first　law　issued　against　the　Gypsies　appears　to　have　been　that　



of　Ferdinand　and　Isabella；　at　Medina　del　Campo；　in　1499。　　In　this　



edict　they　were　commanded；　under　certain　penalties；　to　become　



stationary　in　towns　and　villages；　and　to　provide　themselves　with　



masters　whom　they　might　serve　f