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С˵£º flying machines ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

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they¡¡may¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡apart¡¡easily¡¡for¡¡convenience¡¡in¡¡housing¡¡or

transportation¡£¡¡The¡¡main¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡built¡¡upon¡¡four¡¡transverse

spars¡¡of¡¡ash£»¡¡set¡¡at¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡dihedral¡¡angle£»¡¡two¡¡being¡¡placed¡¡on

each¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡central¡¡bamboo¡£¡¡These¡¡spars¡¡are¡¡about¡¡2¡¡inches

wide¡¡by¡¡1¡¡1/8¡­inch¡¡deep¡¡for¡¡a¡¡few¡¡feet¡¡each¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡¡of

the¡¡machine£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡there¡¡taper¡¡down¡¡to¡¡an¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡depth

at¡¡the¡¡center¡¡bamboo£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡their¡¡outer¡¡ends£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡width

remains¡¡the¡¡same¡¡throughout¡¡their¡¡entire¡¡length¡£¡¡The¡¡planes

are¡¡double¡¡surfaced¡¡with¡¡silk¡¡and¡¡laced¡¡above¡¡and¡¡below¡¡the

bamboo¡¡ribs¡¡which¡¡run¡¡fore¡¡and¡¡aft¡¡under¡¡the¡¡main¡¡spars¡¡and

terminate¡¡in¡¡a¡¡forked¡¡clip¡¡through¡¡which¡¡a¡¡wire¡¡is¡¡strung¡¡for

lacing¡¡on¡¡the¡¡silk¡£¡¡The¡¡tail¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡a¡¡horizontal¡¡and

vertical

surface¡¡placed¡¡on¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡joint¡¡about¡¡10¡¡feet¡¡back¡¡of

the¡¡rear¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡plane¡£¡¡Both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡surfaces¡¡are

flat¡¡and¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡a¡¡silk¡¡covering¡¡stretched¡¡upon¡¡bamboo¡¡ribs¡£

The¡¡horizontal¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡6¡¡feet¡¡5¡¡inches¡¡across£»¡¡and¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡9

inches¡¡from¡¡front¡¡to¡¡back¡£¡¡The¡¡vertical¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same

width¡¡£¨6¡¡feet¡¡5¡¡inches£©¡¡but¡¡is¡¡only¡¡3¡¡feet¡¡7¡¡inches¡¡from¡¡front

to¡¡back¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡are¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the

accompanying¡¡illustration¡£



Power¡¡is¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡a¡¡very¡¡light¡¡£¨110¡¡pounds£©¡¡Darracq

motor£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡double¡­opposed¡­cylinder¡¡type¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡a¡¡bore¡¡of

4¡£118¡¡inches£»¡¡and¡¡stroke¡¡of¡¡4¡£724¡¡inches£»¡¡runs¡¡at¡¡1£»800¡¡r¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡m¡££»

and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡6¡¡1/2¡­foot¡¡propeller¡¡develops¡¡a¡¡thrust¡¡of¡¡242¡¡1/2

pounds

when¡¡the¡¡monoplane¡¡is¡¡held¡¡steady¡£



BleriotNo¡£¡¡XI£»¡¡the¡¡latest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bleriot¡¡productions£»¡¡and

the¡¡greatest¡¡record¡¡maker¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lot£»¡¡is¡¡28¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡spread¡¡of

main

plane£»¡¡and¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡6¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡largest¡¡part¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡give¡¡a

main¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡168¡¡square¡¡feet£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plane

are¡¡sharply¡¡tapered¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rear£»¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡reduced

to¡¡150¡¡square¡¡feet¡£¡¡Projecting¡¡from¡¡the¡¡main¡¡frame¡¡is¡¡an

elongated¡¡tail¡¡£¨shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡illustration£©¡¡which¡¡carries¡¡the

horizontal¡¡and¡¡vertical¡¡rudders¡£¡¡The¡¡former¡¡is¡¡made¡¡in¡¡three

sections¡£¡¡The¡¡center¡¡piece¡¡is¡¡6¡¡feet¡¡1¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡spread£»¡¡and¡¡2¡¡feet

10¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡depth£»¡¡containing¡¡17¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface¡£¡¡The

end¡¡sections£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡made¡¡movable¡¡for¡¡warping¡¡purposes£»

are¡¡each¡¡2¡¡feet¡¡10¡¡inches¡¡square£»¡¡the¡¡combined¡¡surface¡¡area¡¡in

the¡¡entire¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡being¡¡33¡¡square¡¡feet¡£¡¡The¡¡vertical

rudder¡¡contains¡¡4¡¡1/2¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface£»¡¡making¡¡the¡¡entire

supporting¡¡area¡¡187¡¡1/2¡¡square¡¡feet¡£



From¡¡the¡¡outer¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡shaft¡¡in¡¡front¡¡to¡¡the¡¡extreme

rear¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vertical¡¡rudder£»¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡25¡¡feet

deep¡£¡¡Deducting¡¡the¡¡6¡­foot¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡plane¡¡leaves¡¡19

feet¡¡as¡¡the¡¡length¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡beam¡¡and¡¡rudders¡£¡¡The¡¡motor

equipment¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡a¡¡3¡­cylinder£»¡¡air¡­cooled¡¡engine¡¡of¡¡about

30¡¡h¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡placed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡front¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡frame£»¡¡and¡¡carrying

on¡¡its¡¡crankshaft¡¡a¡¡two¡­bladed¡¡propeller¡¡6¡¡feet¡¡8¡¡inches¡¡in

diameter¡£¡¡The¡¡engine¡¡speed¡¡is¡¡about¡¡1£»250¡¡r¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡m¡£¡¡at¡¡which

the¡¡propeller¡¡develops¡¡a¡¡thrust¡¡of¡¡over¡¡200¡¡pounds¡£



The¡¡Bleriot¡¡XI¡¡complete¡¡weighs¡¡484¡¡pounds£»¡¡and¡¡with

operator¡¡and¡¡fuel¡¡supply¡¡ready¡¡for¡¡a¡¡25¡­¡¡or¡¡30¡­mile¡¡flight£»¡¡715

pounds¡£¡¡One¡¡peculiarity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bleriot¡¡construction¡¡is¡¡that£»

while¡¡the¡¡ribs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡plane¡¡are¡¡curved£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no

preliminary

bending¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pieces¡¡as¡¡in¡¡other¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡construction¡£

Bleriot¡¡has¡¡his¡¡rib¡¡pieces¡¡cut¡¡a¡¡little¡¡longer¡¡than¡¡required

and£»¡¡by¡¡springing¡¡them¡¡into¡¡place£»¡¡secures¡¡the¡¡necessary

curvature¡£¡¡A¡¡good¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bleriot¡¡plane¡¡framework¡¡is

given¡¡on¡¡page¡¡63¡£



Combined¡¡Triplane¡¡and¡¡Biplane¡£



At¡¡Norwich£»¡¡Conn¡££»¡¡the¡¡Stebbins¡­Geynet¡¡Co¡££»¡¡after¡¡several

years¡¡of¡¡experiment£»¡¡has¡¡begun¡¡the¡¡manufacture¡¡of¡¡a¡¡combination

triplane¡¡and¡¡biplane¡¡machine¡£¡¡The¡¡center¡¡plane£»¡¡which¡¡is

located¡¡about¡¡midway¡¡between¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡lower¡¡surfaces£»

is¡¡made¡¡removable¡£¡¡The¡¡change¡¡from¡¡triplane¡¡to¡¡biplane£»¡¡or

vice¡¡versa£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡readily¡¡made¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡minutes¡£¡¡The

constructors

claim¡¡for¡¡this¡¡type¡¡of¡¡air¡¡craft¡¡a¡¡large¡¡supporting

surface¡¡area¡¡with¡¡the¡¡minimum¡¡of¡¡dimensions¡¡in¡¡planes¡£¡¡Although

this¡¡machine¡¡has¡¡only¡¡24¡­foot¡¡spread¡¡and¡¡is¡¡only¡¡26

feet¡¡over¡¡all£»¡¡its¡¡total¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡supporting¡¡area¡¡is¡¡400¡¡square

feet£»¡¡weight£»¡¡600¡¡pounds¡¡in¡¡flying¡¡order£»¡¡and¡¡lifting¡¡capacity

approximately¡¡700¡¡pounds¡¡more¡£



The¡¡frame¡¡is¡¡made¡¡entirely¡¡of¡¡a¡¡selected¡¡grade¡¡of¡¡Oregon

spruce£»¡¡finished¡¡down¡¡to¡¡a¡¡smooth¡¡surface¡¡and¡¡varnished¡£¡¡All

struts¡¡are¡¡fish¡­shaped¡¡and¡¡set¡¡in¡¡aluminum¡¡sockets£»¡¡which¡¡are

bolted¡¡to¡¡top¡¡and¡¡lower¡¡beams¡¡with¡¡special¡¡strong¡¡bolts¡¡of

small¡¡diameter¡£¡¡The¡¡middle¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡set¡¡inside¡¡the¡¡six¡¡uprights

and¡¡held¡¡in¡¡place¡¡by¡¡aluminum¡¡castings¡£¡¡A¡¡flexible¡¡twisted

seven¡­strand¡¡wire¡¡cable¡¡and¡¡Stebbins¡­Geynet¡¡turnbuckles¡¡are

used¡¡for¡¡trussing¡£



The¡¡top¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡in¡¡three¡¡sections£»¡¡laced¡¡together¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡a

24¡­foot¡¡spread¡¡and¡¡is¡¡7¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth¡£¡¡The¡¡middle¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡in

two¡¡sections¡¡each¡¡of¡¡7¡¡1/2¡¡feet¡¡spread¡¡and¡¡6¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth¡£¡¡The

center¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡plane¡¡sections¡¡do¡¡not¡¡come¡¡within

5¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡joining£»¡¡this¡¡open¡¡space¡¡being¡¡left¡¡for¡¡the¡¡engine¡£

The¡¡bottom¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡of¡¡16¡¡feet¡¡spread¡¡and¡¡5¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth¡£¡¡It

will¡¡thus¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡planes¡¡overhang¡¡one¡¡another¡¡in¡¡depth£»

the¡¡bottom¡¡one¡¡being¡¡the¡¡smallest¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect¡£¡¡The¡¡planes

are¡¡set¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡9¡¡degrees£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡clear¡¡space¡¡of¡¡3

1/2¡¡feet¡¡between¡¡each£»¡¡making¡¡the¡¡total¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡bottom

to¡¡the¡¡top¡¡plane¡¡a¡¡trifle¡¡over¡¡7¡¡feet¡£¡¡The¡¡total¡¡supporting

surface¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡350¡¡square¡¡feet¡£¡¡By¡¡arranging¡¡the

three¡¡plane¡¡surfaces¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡as¡¡described¡¡and¡¡varying¡¡their

size£»¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡lifting¡¡area¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡above¡¡the

center¡¡of¡¡gravity£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡weight¡¡carried¡¡below¡£



The¡¡ribs¡¡are¡¡made¡¡of¡¡laminated¡¡spruce£»¡¡finished¡¡down¡¡to

1/2x3/4¡­inch¡¡cross¡¡section¡¡dimensions£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡curvature¡¡of¡¡about

1¡¡in¡¡20£»¡¡and¡¡fastened¡¡to¡¡the¡¡beams¡¡with¡¡special¡¡aluminum

castings¡£

Number¡¡2¡¡Naiad¡¡aeroplane¡¡cloth¡¡is¡¡used¡¡in¡¡covering¡¡the

planes£»¡¡with¡¡pockets¡¡sewn¡¡in¡¡for¡¡the¡¡ribs¡£



Two¡¡combination¡¡elevating¡¡rudders¡¡are¡¡set¡¡up¡¡well¡¡in¡¡front£»

each¡¡having¡¡18¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡supporting¡¡area¡£¡¡These¡¡rudders

are¡¡arranged¡¡to¡¡work¡¡in¡¡unison£»¡¡independently£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡opposite

directions¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Model¡¡B¡¡machine£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡also¡¡two¡¡small

rear¡¡elevating¡¡rudders£»¡¡which¡¡work¡¡in¡¡unison¡¡with¡¡the¡¡front

rudders¡£¡¡One¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡of¡¡10¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡is¡¡suspended

in¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡of¡¡a¡¡small¡¡stationary¡¡horizontal¡¡plane¡¡in¡¡Model¡¡A£»

while¡¡the¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡on¡¡Model¡¡B¡¡is¡¡only¡¡6¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡in

size¡£¡¡The¡¡elevating¡¡rudders¡¡are¡¡arranged¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as

stabilizing

planes¡¡when¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡in¡¡flight¡£¡¡The¡¡wing¡¡tips¡¡are

held¡¡in¡¡place¡¡with¡¡a¡¡special¡¡two¡­piece¡¡casting¡¡which¡¡forms¡¡a

hinge£»¡¡and¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡quick¡¡detachable¡¡joint¡£¡¡Wing¡¡tips¡¡are¡¡also

used¡¡in¡¡balancing¡£



Model¡¡A¡¡is¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡a¡¡Cameron¡¡25¡­30¡¡h¡£¡¡p¡££»¡¡4¡­cylinder£»

air¡­cooled¡¡motor¡£¡¡On¡¡Model¡¡B¡¡a¡¡Holmes¡¡rotary¡¡7¡­cylinder

motor¡¡of¡¡4x4¡­inch¡¡bore¡¡and¡¡stroke¡¡is¡¡used¡£



Positive¡¡control¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Stebbins¡­Geynet

¡¨auto¡­control¡¨¡¡system¡£¡¡A¡¡pull¡¡or¡¡push¡¡movement¡¡operates¡¡the

elevating¡¡rudders£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡balancing¡¡is¡¡done¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of

side¡¡movements¡¡or¡¡slight¡¡turns¡£¡¡The¡¡rear¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡is

manipulated¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡foot¡¡lever¡£



New¡¡Cody¡¡Biplane¡£



Among¡¡the¡¡comparatively¡¡new¡¡biplanes¡¡is¡¡one¡¡constructed¡¡by

Willard¡¡F¡£¡¡Cody£»¡¡of¡¡London£»¡¡Eng¡££»¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡distinctive

feature¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡an¡¡automaticcontrol¡¡which¡¡works¡¡independently

of¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡levers¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡other¡¡control¡¡a¡¡long¡¡lever

carrying¡¡a¡¡steering¡¡wheel¡¡furnishes¡¡all¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡control

movements£»¡¡there¡¡being¡¡no¡¡footwork¡¡at¡¡all¡£¡¡The¡¡lever¡¡is

universally¡¡jointed¡¡and¡¡when¡¡moved¡¡fore¡¡and¡¡aft¡¡operates¡¡the

two¡¡ailerons¡¡as¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡one£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡shaft¡¡is¡¡rotated¡¡it

moves¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole¡£¡¡The¡¡horizontal¡¡tail¡¡component¡¡is

immovable¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡lever¡¡is¡¡moved¡¡from¡¡side¡¡to¡¡side¡¡it¡¡works

not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡ailerons¡¡and¡¡the¡¡independent¡¡elevators£»¡¡but¡¡also

through¡¡a¡¡peculiar¡¡arrangement£»¡¡the¡¡vertical¡¡rear¡¡rudder¡¡as¡¡well¡£



The¡¡spread¡¡of¡¡the¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡46¡¡feet¡¡6¡¡inches¡¡and¡¡the¡¡width¡¡6

feet¡¡6¡¡inches¡£¡¡The¡¡ailerons¡¡jut¡¡out¡¡1¡¡foot¡¡6¡¡inches¡¡on¡¡each

side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡are¡¡13¡¡feet¡¡6¡¡inches¡¡long¡£¡¡The¡¡cross¡­

shaped¡¡tail¡¡is¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡an¡¡outrigger¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡two¡¡long

bamboos¡¡and¡¡of¡¡this¡¡the¡¡vertical¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡9¡¡feet¡¡by¡¡4¡¡feet£»¡¡while

the¡¡horizontal¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡8¡¡feet¡¡by¡¡4¡¡feet¡£¡¡The¡¡over¡­all¡¡length

of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡36¡¡feet¡£¡¡The¡¡lifting¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡857¡¡square

feet¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡weigh£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡pilot£»¡¡1£»450¡¡pounds¡£¡¡The¡¡distance

between¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡8¡¡feet¡¡6¡¡inches£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡rather

notable¡¡feature¡¡in¡¡this¡¡flyer¡£



The¡¡propeller¡¡has¡¡a¡¡diameter¡¡of¡¡11¡¡feet¡¡and¡¡2¡¡inches¡¡with¡¡a

13¡­foot¡¡6¡­inch¡¡pitch£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡driven¡¡at¡¡560¡¡revolutions¡¡by¡¡a¡¡chain£»

and¡¡the¡¡gear¡¡reduction¡¡between¡¡the¡¡chain¡¡and¡¡propeller¡¡shaft

is¡¡two¡¡to¡¡one¡£



The¡¡machine¡¡from¡¡elevator¡¡to¡¡tail¡¡plane¡¡bristles¡¡in¡¡original

points¡£¡¡The¡¡hump¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ribs¡¡has¡¡been¡¡cut¡¡away¡¡entirely£»¡¡so

that¡¡although¡¡the¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡double¡¡surfaced£»¡¡the¡¡surfaces¡¡are

closest¡¡together¡¡at¡¡a¡¡point¡¡which¡¡approximates¡¡the¡¡center¡¡of

pressure¡£¡¡The¡¡plane¡¡is¡¡practically¡¡of¡¡two¡¡stream¡­line¡¡forms£»

of¡¡which¡¡one¡¡is¡¡the¡¡continuation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡This¡¡construction£»

claims¡¡the¡¡inventor£»¡¡will¡¡give¡¡increased¡¡lift£»¡¡and¡¡decreased

head¡¡resistance¡£¡¡The¡¡trials¡¡substantiate¡¡this£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡of

incidence¡¡in¡¡flying¡¡is¡¡only¡¡about¡¡one¡¡in¡¡twenty¡­six¡£



The¡¡ribs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡made¡¡of¡¡strips¡¡of¡¡silver¡¡spruce

one¡­half¡¡by¡¡one¡­half¡¡inch£»¡¡while¡¡those¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ailerons¡¡are¡¡solid

and¡¡one¡­fourth¡¡inch¡¡thick¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡the¡¡fabric¡¡is

held¡¡down¡¡with¡¡thin¡¡wooden¡¡fillets¡£¡¡Cody's¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡noted

for¡¡their¡¡neatness£»¡¡rigidity¡¡and¡¡smoothness¡£¡¡Pegamoid¡¡fabric

is¡¡used¡¡throughout¡£



Pressey¡¡Automatic¡¡Control¡£



Another¡¡ingenious¡¡system¡¡of¡¡automatic¡¡control¡¡has¡¡been

perfected¡¡by¡¡Dr¡£¡¡J¡£¡¡B¡£¡¡Pressey£»¡¡of¡¡Newport¡¡News£»¡¡Va¡£¡¡The

aeroplane¡¡is¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡a¡¡manually¡¡operated£»¡¡vertical¡¡rudder£»

£¨3£©£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡stern£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡horizontal£»¡¡manually¡¡operated£»

front¡¡control£»¡¡£¨4£©£»¡¡in¡¡front¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡o

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