selected writings-第2部分

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an　intellect　whose　influence　was　all　powerful　upon　his

developmentthe　writer　I　mention　above；　Gustave　Flaubert。



These　meetings　of　a　pupil　and　a　master；　both　great；　are　indeed

rare。　They　present；　in　fact；　some　troublesome　conditions；　the

first　of　which　is　a　profound　analogy　between　two　types　of

thought。　There　must　have　been；　besides；　a　reciprocity　of

affection；　which　does　not　often　obtain　between　a　renowned　senior

who　is　growing　old　and　an　obscure　junior；　whose　renown　is

increasing。　From　generation　to　generation；　envy　reascends　no　less

than　she　redescends。　For　the　honor　of　French　men　of　letters；　let

us　add　that　this　exceptional　phenomenon　has　manifested　itself

twice　in　the　nineteenth　century。　Merimee；　whom　I　have　also　named；

received　from　Stendhal；　at　twenty；　the　same　benefits　that

Maupassant　received　from　Flaubert。



The　author　of　〃Une　Vie〃　and　the　writer　of　〃Clara　Jozul〃　resemble

each　other；　besides；　in　a　singular　and　analogous　circumstance。

Both　achieved　renown　at　the　first　blow；　and　by　a　masterpiece

which　they　were　able　to　equal　but　never　surpass。　Both　were

misanthropes　early　in　life；　and　practised　to　the　end　the　ancient

advice　that　the　disciple　of　Beyle　carried　upon　his　seal：　〃Remember　to　distrust。〃　And；　at　the　same　time；

both　had　delicate；　tender　hearts　under　this　affectation　of

cynicism；　both　were　excellent　sons；　irreproachable　friends；

indulgent　masters；　and　both　were　idolized　by　their　inferiors。

Both　were　worldly；　yet　still　loved　a　wanderer's　life；　both　joined

to　a　constant　taste　for　luxury　an　irresistible　desire　for

solitude。　Both　belonged　to　the　extreme　left　of　the　literature　of

their　epoch；　but　kept　themselves　from　excess　and　used　with　a

judgment　marvelously　sure　the　sounder　principles　of　their　school。

They　knew　how　to　remain　lucid　and　classic；　in　taste　as　much　as　in

formMerimee　through　all　the　audacity　of　a　fancy　most　exotic；

and　Maupassant　in　the　realism　of　the　most　varied　and　exact

observation。　At　a　little　distance　they　appear　to　be　two　patterns；

identical　in　certain　traits；　of　the　same　family　of　minds；　and

Tourgenief；　who　knew　and　loved　the　one　and　the　other；　never

failed　to　class　them　as　brethren。



They　are　separated；　however；　by　profound　differences；　which

perhaps　belong　less　to　their　nature　than　to　that　of　the　masters

from　whom　they　received　their　impulses：　Stendhal；　so　alert；　so

mobile；　after　a　youth　passed　in　war　and　a　ripe　age　spent　in

vagabond　journeys；　rich　in　experiences；　immediate　and　personal；

Flaubert　so　poor　in　direct　impressions；　so　paralyzed　by　his

health；　by　his　family；　by　his　theories　even；　and　so　rich　in

reflections；　for　the　most　part　solitary。



Among　the　theories　of　the　anatomist　of　〃Madame　Bovary；〃　there　are

two　which　appear　without　ceasing　in　his　Correspondence；　under　one

form　or　another；　and　these　are　the　ones　which　are　most　strongly

evident　in　the　art　of　De　Maupassant。　We　now　see　the　consequences

which　were　inevitable　by　reason　of　them；　endowed　as　Maupassant

was　with　a　double　power　of　feeling　life　bitterly；　and　at　the　same

time　with　so　much　of　animal　force。　The　first　theory　bears　upon

the　choice　of　personages　and　the　story　of　the　romance；　the　second

upon　the　character　of　the　style。　The　son　of　a　physician；　and

brought　up　in　the　rigors　of　scientific　method；　Flaubert　believed

this　method　to　be　efficacious　in　art　as　in　science。　For　instance；

in　the　writing　of　a　romance；　he　seemed　to　be　as　scientific　as　in

the　development　of　a　history　of　customs；　in　which　the　essential

is　absolute　exactness　and　local　color。　He　therefore　naturally

wished　to　make　the　most　scrupulous　and　detailed　observation　of

the　environment。



Thus　is　explained　the　immense　labor　in　preparation　which　his

stories　cost　himthe　story　of　〃Madame　Bovary；〃　of　〃The

Sentimental　Education；〃　and　〃Bouvard　and　Pecuchet；〃　documents

containing　as　much　minutiae　as　his　historical　stories。　Beyond

everything　he　tried　to　select　details　that　were　eminently

significant。　Consequently　he　was　of　the　opinion　that　the　romance

writer　should　discard　all　that　lessened　this　significance；　that

is；　extraordinary　events　and　singular　heroes。　The　exceptional

personage；　it　seemed　to　him；　should　be　suppressed；　as　should　also

high　dramatic　incident；　since；　produced　by　causes　less　general；

these　have　a　range　more　restricted。　The　truly　scientific　romance

writer；　proposing　to　paint　a　certain　class；　will　attain　his　end

more　effectively　if　he　incarnate　personages　of　the　middle　order；

and；　consequently；　paint　traits　common　to　that　class。　And　not

only　middle…class　traits；　but　middle…class　adventures。



From　this　point　of　view；　examine　the　three　great　romances　of　the

Master　from　Rouen；　and　you　will　see　that　he　has　not　lost　sight　of

this　first　and　greatest　principle　of　his　art；　any　more　than　he

has　of　the　second；　which　was　that　these　documents　should　be　drawn

up　in　prose　of　absolutely　perfect　technique。　We　know　with　what

passionate　care　he　worked　at　his　phrases；　and　how　indefatigably

he　changed　them　over　and　over　again。　Thus　he　satisfied　that

instinct　of　beauty　which　was　born　of　his　romantic　soul；　while　he

gratified　the　demand　of　truth　which　inhered　from　his　scientific

training　by　his　minute　and　scrupulous　exactness。



The　theory　of　the　mean　of　truth　on　one　side；　as　the　foundation　of

the　subject；〃the　humble　truth；〃　as　he　termed　it　at　the

beginning　of　〃Une　Vie；〃and　of　the　agonizing　of　beauty　on　the

other　side；　in　composition；　determines　the　whole　use　that

Maupassant　made　of　his　literary　gifts。　It　helped　to　make　more

intense　and　more　systematic　that　dainty　yet　dangerous　pessimism

which　in　him　was　innate。　The　mid…　dle…class　personage；　in

wearisome　society　like　ours；　is　always　a　caricature；　and　the

happenings　are　nearly　always　vulgar。　When　one　studies　a　great

number　of　them；　one　finishes　by　looking　at　humanity　from　the

angle　of　disgust　and　despair。　The　philosophy　of　the　romances　and

novels　of　De　Maupassant　is　so　continuously　and　profoundly

surprising　that　one　becomes　overwhelmed　by　it。　It　reaches

limitation；　it　seems　to　deny　that　man　is　susceptible　to　grandeur；

or　that　motives　of　a　superior　order　can　uplift　and　ennoble　the

soul；　but　it　does　so　with　a　sorrow　that　is　profound。　All　that

portion　of　the　sentimental　and　moral　world　which　in　itself　is　the

highest　remains　closed　to　it。



In　revenge；　this　philosophy　finds　itself　in　a　relation　cruelly

exact　with　the　half…civilization　of　our　day。　By　that　I　mean　the

poorly　educated　individual　who　has　rubbed　against　knowledge

enough　to　justify　a　certain　egoism；　but　who　is　too　poor　in

faculty　to　conceive　an　ideal；　and　whose　native　grossness　is

corrupted　beyond　redemption。　Under　his　blouse；　or　under　his

coatwhether　he　calls　himself　Renardet；　as　does　the　foul

assassin　in　〃Petite　Roque；〃　or　Duroy；　as　does　the　sly　hero　of

〃Bel…Ami；〃　or　Bretigny；　as　does　the　vile　seducer　of　〃Mont　Oriol；〃

or　Cesaire；　the　son　of　Old　Amable　in　the　novel　of　that　name；

this　degraded　type　abounds　in　Maupassant's　stories；　evoked　with

a　ferocity　almost　jovial　where　it　meets　the　robustness　of

temperament　which　I　have　pointed　out；　a　ferocity　which　gives　them

a　reality　more　exact　still　because　the　half…civilized　person　is

often　impulsive　and；　in　consequence；　the　physical　easily

predominates。　There；　as　elsewhere；　the　degenerate　is　everywhere　a

degenerate　who　gives　the　impression　of　being　an　ordinary　man。



There　are　quantities　of　men　of　this　stamp　in　large　cities。　No

writer　has　felt　and　expressed　this　complex　temperament　with　more

justice　than　De　Maupassant；　and；　as　he　was　an　infinitely　careful

observer　of　milieu　and　landscape　and　all　that　constitutes　a

precise　middle　distance；　his　novels　can　be　considered　an

irrefutable　record　of　the　social　classes　which　he　studied　at　a

certain　time　and　along　certain　lines。　The　Norman　peasant　and　the

Provencal　peasant；　for　example；　also　the　small　officeholder；　the

gentleman　of　the　provinces；　the　country　squire；　the　clubman　of

Paris；　the　journalist　of　the　boulevard；　the　doctor　at　the　spa；

the　commercial　artist；　and；　on　the　feminine　side；　the　servant

girl；　the　working　girl；　the　demigrisette；　the　street　girl；　rich

or　poor；　the　gallant　lady　of　the　city　and　of　the　provinces；　and

the　society　womanthese　are　some　of　the　figures　that　he　has

painted　at　many　sittings；　and　whom　he　used　to　such　effect　that

the　novels　and　romances　in　which　they　are　painted　have　come　to　be

history。　Just　as　it　is　impossible　to　comprehend　the　Rome　of　the

Caesars　without　the　work　of　Petronius；　so　is　it　impossible　to

fully　comprehend　the　France　of　1850…90　without　these　stories　of

Maupassant。　They　are　no　more　the　whole　image　of　the　country　than

the　〃Satyricon〃　was　the　whole　image　of　Rome；　but　what　their

author　has　wished　to　paint；　he　has　painted　to　the　life　and　with　a

brush　that　is　graphic　in　the　extreme。



If　Maupassant　had　only　painted；　in　general　fashion；　the

characters　and　the　phase　of　literature　mentioned　he　would　not　be

distinguished　from　other　writers　

of　the　group　called　〃naturalists。〃　His　true　glory　is　in　the

extraordinary　superiority　of　his　art。　He　did　not　invent　it；　and

his　method　is　not　alien　to　that　of　〃Madame　Bovary；〃　but　he　knew

how　to　give　it　a　suppleness；　a　variety；　and　a　freedom　which　were

always　wanting　in　Flaubert。　The　latter；　in　his　best　pages；　is

always　strained。　To　use　the　expressive　metaphor　of　the　Greek

athletes；　he　〃smells　of　the　oil。〃　When　one　recalls　that　when

attacked　by　hysteric　epilepsy；　Flaubert　postponed　the　crisis　of

the　terrible　malady　by　means　of　sedatives；　this　strained

atmosphere　of　laborI　was　going　to　say　of　stuporwhich　pervades

his　work　is　explained。　He　is　an　athlete；　a　runner；　but　one　who

drags　at　his　feet　a　terrible　weight。　He　is　in　the　race　only　for

the　prize　of　effort；　an　effort　of　which　every　motion　reveals　the

intensity。



Maupassant；　on　the　other　hand；　if　he　suffered　from　a　nervous

lesion；　gave　no　sign　of　it；　except　in　his　hea