the man versus the state-第3部分

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　For　the　present；　it　shall　remain　undebated　whether　there　is　a　better　warrant　for　giving　sanitary　officers　powers　to　search　certain　premises　for　unfit　food；　than　there　was　for　the　law　of　Edward　III；　under　which　innkeepers　at　seaports　were　sworn　to　search　their　guests　to　prevent　the　exportation　of　money　or　plate。　We　will　assume　that　there　is　no　less　sense　in　that　clause　of　the　Canal…boat　Act；　which　forbids　an　owner　to　board　gratuitously　the　children　of　the　boatmen；　than　there　was　in　the　Spitalfields　Acts；　which；　up　to　1824；　for　the　benefit　of　the　artisans；　forbade　the　manufacturers　to　fix　their　factories　more　than　ten　miles　from　the　Royal　Exchange。　　　　　　We　exclude；　then；　these　questions　of　philanthropic　motive　and　wise　judgement；　taking　both　of　them　for　granted；　and　have　here　to　concern　ourselves　solely　with　the　compulsory　nature　of　the　measures　which；　for　good　or　evil　as　the　case　may　be；　have　been　put　in　force　during　periods　of　Liberal　ascendancy。　　　　　　To　bring　the　illustrations　within　compass；　let　us　commence　with　1860；　under　the　second　administration　of　Lord　Palmerston。　In　that　year；　the　restrictions　of　the　Factories　Act　were　extended　to　bleaching　and　dyeing　works；　authority　was　given　to　provide　analysts　of　food　and　drink；　to　be　paid　out　of　local　rates；　there　was　an　Act　providing　for　inspection　of　gas…works；　as　well　as　for　fixing　quality　of　gas　and　limiting　price；　there　was　the　Act　which；　in　addition　to　further　mine　inspection；　made　it　penal　to　employ　boys　under　twelve　not　attending　school　and　unable　to　read　and　write。　In　1861　occurred　an　extension　of　the　compulsory　provisions　of　the　Factories　Act　to　lace…works；　power　was　given　to　poor…law　guardians；　etc。；　to　enforce　vaccination；　local　boards　were　authorized　to　fix　rates　of　hire　for　horses；　ponies；　mules；　asses；　and　boats；　and　certain　locally…formed　bodies　had　given　to　them　powers　of　taxing　the　locality　for　rural　drainage　and　irrigation　works；　and　for　supplying　water　to　cattle。　In　1862　an　Act　was　passed　for　restricting　the　employment　of　women　and　children　in　open…air　bleaching；　and　an　Act　for　making　illegal　a　coal…mine　with　a　single　shaft；　or　with　shafts　separated　by　less　than　a　specified　space；　as　well　as　an　Act　giving　the　Council　of　Medical　Education　the　exclusive　right　to　publish　a　Pharmacopoeia；　the　price　of　which　is　to　be　fixed　by　the　Treasury。　In　1863　came　the　extension　of　compulsory　vaccination　to　Scotland；　and　also　to　Ireland；　there　came　the　empowering　of　certain　boards　to　borrow　money　repayable　from　the　local　rates；　to　employ　and　pay　those　out　of　work；　there　came　the　authorizing　of　town　authorities　to　take　possession　of　neglected　ornamental　spaces；　and　rate　the　inhabitants　for　their　support；　there　came　the　Bakehouses　Regulation　Act；　which；　besides　specifying　minimum　age　of　employees　occupied　between　certain　hours；　prescribed　periodical　lime…washing；　three　coats　of　paint　when　painted；　and　cleaning　with　hot　water　and　soap　at　least　once　in　six　months；　and　there　came　also　an　Act　giving　a　magistrate　authority　to　decide　on　the　wholesomeness　or　unwholesomeness　of　food　brought　before　him　by　an　inspector。　Of　compulsory　legislation　dating　from　1864；　may　be　named　an　extension　of　the　Factories　Act　to　various　additional　trades；　including　regulations　for　cleansing　and　ventilation；　and　specifying　of　certain　employees　in　match…works；　that　they　might　not　take　meals　on　the　premises　except　in　the　wood…cutting　places。　Also　there　were　passed　a　Chimney…Sweepers　Act；　an　Act　for　further　regulating　the　sale　of　beer　in　Ireland；　an　Act　for　compulsory　testing　of　cables　and　anchors；　an　Act　extending　the　Public　Works　Act　of　1863；　and　the　Contagious　Diseases　Act：　which　last　gave　the　police；　in　specified　places；　powers　which；　in　respect　of　certain　classes　of　women；　abolished　sundry　of　those　safeguards　to　individual　freedom　established　in　past　times。　The　year　1865　witnessed　further　provision　for　the　reception　and　temporary　relief　of　wanderers　at　the　cost　of　ratepayers；　another　public…house　closing　Act；　and　an　Act　making　compulsory　regulations　for　extinguishing　fires　in　London。　Then；　under　the　Ministry　of　Lord　John　Russell；　in　1866；　have　to　be　named　an　Act　to　regulate　cattle…sheds；　etc。；　in　Scotland；　giving　local　authorities　powers　to　inspect　sanitary　conditions　and　fix　the　numbers　of　cattle；　an　Act　forcing　hop…growers　to　label　their　bags　with　the　year　and　place　of　growth　and　the　true　weight；　and　giving　police　powers　of　search；　an　Act　to　facilitate　the　building　of　lodging…houses　in　Ireland；　and　providing　for　regulation　of　the　inmates；　a　Public　Health　Act；　under　which　there　is　registration　of　lodging…houses　and　Station　of　occupants；　with　inspection　and　directions　for　lime…washing；　etc。；　and　a　Public　Libraries　Act；　giving　local　powers　by　which　a　majority　can　tax　a　minority　for　their　books。　　　　　　Passing　now　to　the　legislation　under　the　first　Ministry　of　Mr　Gladstone；　we　have；　in　1869；　the　establishment　of　State…telegraphy；　with　the　accompanying　interdict　on　telegraphing　through　any　other　agency；　we　have　the　empowering　a　Secretary　of　State　to　regulate　hired　conveyances　in　London；　we　have　further　and　more　stringent　regulations　to　prevent　cattle…diseases　from　spreading；　another　Beerhouse　Regulation　Act；　and　a　Sea…birds　Preservation　Act　（ensuring　greater　mortality　of　fish）。　In　1870　we　have　a　law　authorizing　the　Board　of　Public　Works　to　make　advances　for　landlords'　improvements　and　for　purchase　by　tenants；　we　have　the　Act　which　enables　the　Education　Department　to　form　school…boards　which　shall　purchase　sites　for　schools；　and　may　provide　free　schools　supported　by　local　rates；　and　enabling　school…boards　to　pay　a　child's　fees；　to　compel　parents　to　send　their　children；　etc。；　etc。；　we　have　a　further　Factories　and　Workshops　Act；　making；　among　other　restrictions；　some　on　the　employment　of　women　and　children　in　fruit…preserving　and　fishcuring　works。　In　1871　we　meet　with　an　amended　Merchant　Shipping　Act；　directing　officers　of　the　Board　of　Trade　to　record　the　draught　of　sea…going　vessels　leaving　port；　there　is　another　Factory　and　Workshops　Act；　making　further　restrictions；　there　is　a　Pedlar's　Act；　inflicting　penalties　for　hawking　without　a　certificate；　and　limiting　the　district　within　which　the　certificate　holds；　as　well　as　giving　the　police　power　to　search　pedlars'　packs；　and　there　are　further　measures　for　enforcing　vaccination。　The　year　1872　had；　among　other　Acts；　one　which　makes　it　illegal　to　take　for　hire　more　than　one　child　to　nurse；　unless　in　a　house　registered　by　the　authorities；　who　prescribe　the　number　of　infants　to　be　received；　it　had　a　Licensing　Act；　interdicting　sale　of　spirits　to　those　apparently　under　sixteen；　and　it　had　another　Merchant　Shipping　Act；　establishing　an　annual　survey　of　passenger　steamers。　Then　in　1873　was　passed　the　Agricultural　Children's　Act；　which　makes　it　penal　for　a　farmer　to　employ　a　child　who　has　neither　certificate　of　elementary　education　nor　of　certain　prescribed　school　attendances；　and　there　was　passed　a　Merchant　Shipping　Act；　requiring　on　each　vessel　a　scale　showing　draught　and　giving　the　Board　of　Trade　power　to　fix　the　numbers　of　boats　and　life…saving　appliances　to　be　carried。　　　　　　Turn　now　to　Liberal　law…making　under　the　present　Ministry。　We　have；　in　1880；　a　law　which　forbids　conditional　advance…notes　in　payment　of　sailors'　wages；　also　a　law　which　dictates　certain　arrangements　for　the　safe　carriage　of　grain…cargoes；　also　a　law　increasing　local　coercion　over　parents　to　send　their　children　to　school。　In　1881　comes　legislation　to　prevent　trawling　over　clam…beds　and　bait…beds；　and　an　interdict　making　it　impossible　to　buy　a　glass　of　beer　on　Sunday　in　Wales。　In　1882　the　Board　of　Trade　was　authorized　to　grant　licences　to　generate　and　sell　electricity；　and　municipal　bodies　were　enabled　to　levy　rates　for　electric…lighting；　further　exactions　from　ratepayers　were　authorized　for　facilitating　more　accessible　baths　and　washhouses；　and　local　authorities　were　empowered　to　make　bye…laws　for　securing　the　decent　lodging　of　persons　engaged　in　picking　fruit　and　vegetables。　Of　such　legislation　during　1883　may　be　named　the　Cheap　Trains　Act；　which；　partly　by　taxing　the　nation　to　the　extent　of　*400；000　a　year　（in　the　shape　of　relinquished　passenger　duty）；　and　partly　at　the　cost　of　railway…proprietors；　still　further　cheapens　travelling　for　workmen：　the　Board　of　Trade；　through　the　Railway　Commissioners；　being　empowered　to　ensure　sufficiently　good　and　frequent　accommodation。　Again；　there　is　the　Act　which；　under　penalty　of　*10　for　disobedience；　forbids　the　payment　of　wages　to　workmen　at　or　within　public…houses；　there　is　another　Factory　and　Workshops　Act；　commanding　inspection　of　white　lead　works　（to　see　that　there　are　provided　overalls；　respirators；　baths；　acidulated　drinks；　etc。）　and　of　bake…houses；　regulating　times　of　employment　in　both；　and　prescribing　in　detail　some　constructions　for　the　last；　which　are　to　be　kept　in　a　condition　satisfactory　to　the　inspectors。　　　　　　But　we　are　far　from　forming　an　adequate　conception　if　we　look　only　at　the　compulsory　legislation　which　has　actually　been　established　of　late　years。　We　must　look　also　at　that　which　is　advocated；　and　which　threatens　to　be　far　more　sweeping　in　range　and　stringent　in　character。　We　have　lately　had　a　Cabinet　Minister；　one　of　the　most　advanced　Liberals；　so…called；　who　pooh…poohs　the　plans　of　the　late　Government　for　improving　industrial　dwellings　as　so　much　〃tinkering；〃　and　contends　for　effectual　coercion　to　be　exercised　over　owners　of　small　houses；　over　land…owners；　and　over　rate…payers。　Here　is　another　Cabinet　Minister　who；　addressing　his　constituents；　speaks　slightingly　of　the　doings　of　philanthropic　societies　and　religious　bodies　to　help　the　poor；　and　says　that　〃the　whole　of　the　people　of　this　country　ought　to　look　upon　this　work　as　being　their　own　work：〃　that　is　to　say；　some　extensive　Government　measure　is　called　for。　Again；　we　have　a　Radical　member　of　Parliament　who　leads　a　large　and　powerful　body；　aiming　with　annually…increasing　promise　of　success；　to　enforce　sobriety　by　giving　to　local　majorities　powers　to　prevent　freedom　of　exchange　in　respect　of　certain　commodities。　Regulation　of　the　hours　of　labour　for　certain　classes；　which　has　been　made　more　and　more　general　by　successive　extensions　of　the　Factories　Acts；　is　likely　now　to　be　made　still　more　general：