the man versus the state-第5部分

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State　versus　the　freedom　of　the　individual；　Toryism　remains　Toryism；　whether　it　extends　this　coercion　for　selfish　or　unselfish　reasons。　As　certainly　as　the　despot　is　still　a　despot；　whether　his　motives　for　arbitrary　rule　are　good　or　bad；　so　certainly　is　the　Tory　still　a　Tory；　whether　he　has　egoistic　or　altruistic　motives　for　using　State…power　to　restrict　the　liberty　of　the　citizen；　beyond　the　degree　required　for　maintaining　the　liberties　of　other　citizens。　The　altruistic　Tory　as　well　as　the　egoistic　Tory　belongs　to　the　genus　Tory；　though　he　forms　a　new　species　of　the　genus。　And　both　stand　in　distinct　contrast　with　the　Liberal　as　defined　in　the　days　when　Liberals　were　rightly　so　called；　and　when　the　definition　was　　〃one　who　advocates　greater　freedom　from　restraint；　especially　in　political　institutions。〃　Thus；　then；　is　justified　the　paradox　I　set　out　with。　As　we　have　seen；　Toryism　and　Liberalism　originally　emerged；　the　one　from　militancy　and　the　other　from　industrialism。　The　one　stood　for　the　regime　of　status　and　the　other　for　the　regime　of　contract　　the　one　for　that　system　of　compulsory　co…operation　which　accompanies　the　legal　inequality　of　classes；　and　the　other　for　that　voluntary　co…operation　which　accompanies　their　legal　equality；　and　beyond　all　question　the　early　acts　of　the　two　parties　were　respectively　for　the　maintenance　of　agencies　which　effect　this　compulsory　co…operation；　and　for　the　weakening　or　curbing　of　them。　Manifestly　the　implication　is　that；　in　so　far　as　it　has　been　extending　the　system　of　compulsion；　what　is　now　called　Liberalism　is　a　new　form　of　Toryism。　　　　　　How　truly　this　is　so；　we　shall　see　still　more　clearly　on　looking　at　the　facts　the　other　side　upwards；　which　we　will　presently　do。　

NOTE　　By　sundry　newspapers　which　noticed　this　article　when　it　was　originally　published；　the　meaning　of　the　above　paragraphs　was　supposed　to　be　that　Liberals　and　Tories　have　changed　places。　This；　however；　is　by　no　means　the　implication。　A　new　species　of　Tory　may　arise　without　disappearance　of　the　original　species。　When　saying；　as　on　page　70；　that　in　our　days　〃Conservatives　and　Liberals　vie　with　one　another　in　multiplying〃　interferences；　I　clearly　implied　the　belief　that　while　Liberals　have　taken　to　coercive　legislation；　Conservatives　have　not　abandoned　it。　Nevertheless；　it　is　true　that　the　laws　made　by　Liberals　are　so　greatly　increasing　the　compulsions　and　restraints　exercised　over　citizens；　that　among　Conservatives　who　suffer　from　this　aggressiveness　there　is　growing　up　a　tendency　to　resist　it。　Proof　is　furnished　by　the　fact　that　the　〃Liberty　and　Property　Defence　League；〃　largely　consisting　of　Conservatives；　has　taken　for　its　motto　〃Individualism　versus　Socialism。〃　So　that　if　the　present　drift　of　things　continues；　it　may　by　and　by　really　happen　that　the　Tories　will　be　defenders　of　liberties　which　the　Liberals；　in　pursuit　of　what　they　think　popular　welfare；　trample　under　foot。　

THE　COMING　SLAVERY

　　　　The　kinship　of　pity　to　love　is　shown　among　other　ways　in　this；　that　it　idealizes　its　object。　Sympathy　with　one　in　suffering　suppresses；　for　the　time　being；　remembrance　of　his　transgressions。　The　feeling　which　vents　itself　in　〃poor　fellow！〃　on　seeing　one　in　agony；　excludes　the　thought　of　〃bad　fellow；〃　which　might　at　another　time　arise。　Naturally；　then；　if　the　wretched　are　unknown　or　but　vaguely　known；　all　the　demerits　they　may　have　are　ignored；　and　thus　it　happens　that　when；　as　just　now；　the　miseries　of　the　poor　are　depicted；　they　are　thought　of　as　the　miseries　of　the　deserving　poor；　instead　of　being　thought　of；　as　in　large　measure　they　should　be；　as　the　miseries　of　the　undeserving　poor。　Those　whose　hardships　are　set　forth　in　pamphlets　and　proclaimed　in　sermons　and　speeches　which　echo　throughout　society；　are　assumed　to　be　all　worthy　souls；　grievously　wronged；　and　none　of　them　are　thought　of　as　bearing　the　penalties　of　their　own　misdeeds。　　　　　　On　hailing　a　cab　in　a　London　street；　it　is　surprising　how　frequently　the　door　is　officiously　opened　by　one　who　expects　to　get　something　for　his　trouble。　The　surprise　lessens　after　counting　the　many　loungers　about　tavern…doors；　or　after　observing　the　quickness　with　which　a　street…performance；　or　procession；　draws　from　neighbouring　slums　and　stable…yards　a　group　of　idlers。　Seeing　how　numerous　they　are　in　every　small　area；　it　becomes　manifest　that　tens　of　thousands　of　such　swarm　through　London。　〃They　have　no　work；〃　you　say。　Say　rather　that　they　either　refuse　work　or　quickly　turn　themselves　out　of　it。　They　are　simply　good…for…nothings；　who　in　one　way　or　other　live　on　the　good…for…somethings　　vagrants　and　sots；　criminals　and　those　on　the　way　to　crime；　youths　who　are　burdens　on　hard…worked　parents；　men　who　appropriate　the　wages　of　their　wives；　fellows　who　share　the　gains　of　prostitutes；　and　then；　less　visible　and　less　numerous；　there　is　a　corresponding　class　of　women。　　　　　　Is　it　natural　that　happiness　should　be　the　lot　of　such？　or　is　it　natural　that　they　should　bring　unhappiness　on　themselves　and　those　connected　with　them？　Is　it　not　manifest　that　there　must　exist　in　our　midst　an　immense　amount　of　misery　which　is　a　normal　result　of　misconduct；　and　ought　not　to　be　dissociated　from　it？　There　is　a　notion；　always　more　or　less　prevalent　and　just　now　vociferously　expressed；　that　all　social　suffering　is　removable；　and　that　it　is　the　duty　of　somebody　or　other　to　remove　it。　Both　these　beliefs　are　false。　To　separate　pain　from　ill…doing　is　to　fight　against　the　constitution　of　things；　and　will　be　followed　by　far　more　pain。　Saving　men　from　the　natural　penalties　of　dissolute　living；　eventually　necessitates　the　infliction　of　artificial　penalties　in　solitary　cells；　on　tread…wheels；　and　by　the　lash。　I　suppose　a　dictum；　on　which　the　current　creed　and　the　creed　of　science　are　at　one；　may　be　considered　to　have　as　high　an　authority　as　can　be　found。　Well；　the　command　〃if　any　would　not　work　neither　should　he　eat；〃　is　simply　a　Christian　enunciation　of　that　universal　law　of　Nature　under　which　life　has　reached　its　present　height　　the　law　that　a　creature　not　energetic　enough　to　maintain　itself　must　die：　the　sole　difference　being　that　the　law　which　in　the　one　case　is　to　be　artificially　enforced；　is；　in　the　other　case；　a　natural　necessity。　And　yet　this　particular　tenet　of　their　religion　which　science　so　manifestly　justifies；　is　the　one　which　Christians　seem　least　inclined　to　accept。　The　current　assumption　is　that　there　should　be　no　suffering；　and　that　society　is　to　blame　for　that　which　exists。　　　　　　〃But　surely　we　are　not　without　responsibilities；　even　when　the　suffering　is　that　of　the　unworthy？〃　　　　　If　the　meaning　of　the　word　〃we〃　be　so　expanded　as　to　include　with　ourselves　our　ancestors；　and　especially　our　ancestral　legislators；　I　agree。　I　admit　that　those　who　made；　and　modified；　and　administered；　the　old　Poor　Law；　were　responsible　for　producing　an　appalling　amount　of　demoralization；　which　it　will　take　more　than　one　generation　to　remove。　I　admit；　too；　the　partial　responsibility　of　recent　and　present　law…makers　for　relations　which　have　brought　into　being　a　permanent　body　of　tramps；　who　ramble　from　union　to　union；　and　also　their　responsibility　for　maintaining　a　constant　supply　of　felons　by　sending　back　convicts　into　society　under　such　conditions　that　they　are　almost　compelled　again　to　commit　crimes。　Moreover；　I　admit　that　the　philanthropic　are　not　without　their　share　of　responsibility；　since；　that　they　may　aid　the　offspring　of　the　unworthy；　they　disadvantage　the　offspring　of　the　worthy　through　burdening　their　parents　by　increased　local　rates。　Nay；　I　even　admit　that　these　swarms　of　good…for…nothings；　fostered　and　multiplied　by　public　and　private　agencies；　have；　by　sundry　mischievous　meddlings；　been　made　to　suffer　more　than　they　would　otherwise　have　suffered。　Are　these　the　responsibilities　meant？　I　suspect　not。　　　　　But　now；　leaving　the　question　of　responsibilities；　however　conceived；　and　considering　only　the　evil　itself；　what　shall　we　say　of　its　treatment？　Let　me　begin　with　a　fact。　

A　late　uncle　of　nine；　the　Rev　Thomas　Spencer；　for　some　twenty　years　incumbent　of　Hinton　Charterhouse；　near　Bath；　no　sooner　entered　on　his　parish　duties　than　he　proved　himself　anxious　for　the　welfare　of　the　poor；　by　establishing　a　school；　a　library；　a　clothing　club　and　land…allotments；　besides　building　some　model　cottages。　Moreover；　up　to　1833　he　was　a　pauper's　friend　　always　for　the　pauper　against　the　overseer。　There　presently　came；　however；　the　debates　on　the　Poor　Law；　which　impressed　him　with　the　evils　of　the　system　then　in　force。　Though　an　ardent　philanthropist　he　was　not　a　timid　sentimentalist。　The　result　was　that；　immediately　the　new　Poor　Law　was　passed；　he　proceeded　to　carry　out　its　provisions　in　his　parish。　Almost　universal　opposition　was　encountered　by　him：　not　the　poor　only　being　his　opponents；　but　even　the　farmers　on　whom　came　the　burden　of　heavy　poor…rates。　For；　strange　to　say；　their　interests　had　become　apparently　identified　with　the　maintenance　of　this　system　which　taxed　them　so　largely。　The　explanation　is　that　there　had　grown　up　the　practice　of　paying　out　of　the　rates　a　part　of　the　wages　of　each　farm…servant　　〃make…wages；〃　as　the　sum　was　called。　And　though　the　farmers　contributed　most　of　the　fund　from　which　〃make…wages〃　were　paid；　yet；　since　all　other　ratepayers　contributed；　the　farmers　seemed　to　gain　by　the　arrangement。　My　uncle；　however；　not　easily　deterred；　faced　all　this　opposition　and　enforced　the　law。　The　result　was　that　in　two　years　the　rates　were　reduced　from　*700　a　year　to　*200　a　year；　while　the　condition　of　the　parish　was　greatly　improved。　〃Those　who　had　hitherto　loitered　at　the　corners　of　the　streets；　or　at　the　doors　of　the　beer…shops；　had　something　else　to　do；　and　one　after　another　they　obtained　employment；〃　so　that　out　of　a　population　of　800；　only　15　had　to　be　sent　as　incapable　paupers　to　the　Bath　Union　（when　that　was　formed）；　in　place　of　the　100　who　received　out…door　relief　a　short　time　before。　If　it　be　said　that　the　*20　telescope　which；　a　few　years　after；　his　parishioners　presented　to　my　uncle；　marked　only　the　gratitude　of　the　ratepayers；　then　my　reply　is　the　fact　that　when；　some　years　later　still；　having　killed　himself　by　overwork　in　pursuit　of　popular　welfare；　he　was　taken　to　Hinton　to　be　buried；　the　procession　which　followed