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to　their　reputation　by　selecting　them　as　his　most　effective　troops。



This　had　made　them　long　faithful　to　Nero；　and　kindled　their　zeal　for



Otho。　But　their　self…confidence　induced　a　tardiness　of　movement



proportionate　to　their　strength　and　solidity。　The　auxiliary　infantry



and　cavalry　moved　in　advance　of　the　main　body　of　the　legions。　The



capital　itself　contributed　no　contemptible　force；　namely　five



Praetorian　cohorts；　some　troops　of　cavalry；　and　the　first　legion；



and　together　with　these；　2000　gladiators；　a　disreputable　kind　of



auxiliaries；　but　employed　throughout　the　civil　wars　even　by　strict



disciplinarians。　Annius　Gallus　was　put　at　the　head　of　this　force；



and　was　sent　on　with　Vestricius　Spurinna　to　occupy　the　banks　of　the



Padus；　the　original　plan　of　the　campaign　having　fallen　to　the



ground；　now　that　Caecina；　who　they　had　hoped　might　have　been　kept



within　the　limits　of　Gaul；　had　crossed　the　Alps。　Otho　himself　was



accompanied　by　some　picked　men　of　the　body…guard；　with　whom　were　the



rest　of　the　Praetorian　cohorts；　the　veteran　troops　from　the　Praetorian



camp；　and　a　vast　number　of　the　levies　raised　from　the　fleet。　No



indolence　or　riot　disgraced　his　march。　He　wore　a　cuirass　of　iron；



and　was　to　be　seen　in　front　of　the　standards；　on　foot；　rough　and



negligent　in　dress；　and　utterly　unlike　what　common　report　had　pictured



him。



　　Fortune　seemed　to　smile　on　his　efforts。　Through　his　fleets；　which



commanded　the　sea；　he　held　the　greater　part　of　Italy；　even　as　far　as



where　the　chain　of　the　Maritime　Alps　begins。　The　task　of　attempting



the　passage　of　this　chain；　and　of　advancing　into　the　Provincia



Narbonensis；　he　had　entrusted　to　three　generals；　Suedius　Clemens；



Antonius　Novellus；　and　Aemilius　Pacensis。　Pacensis；　however；　was　put



in　irons　by　his　insubordinate　troops；　Antonius　possessed　no　kind　of



authority；　and　Clemens　commanded　only　for　popularity；　and　was　as



reckless　in　transgressing　the　good　order　of　military　discipline　as



he　was　eager　to　fight。　One　would　not　have　thought　that　it　was　Italy；



the　fields；　and　the　habitations　of　their　native　country；　that　they



were　passing　through。　They　burnt；　spoiled；　and　plundered；　as　if　they



were　among　the　lands　of　the　foreigner　and　the　cities　of　a　hostile



people；　and　all　with　the　more　frightful　effect　as　nowhere　had　there



been　made　any　provision　against　the　danger。　The　fields　were　full　of



rural　wealth；　the　houses　stood　with　open　doors；　and　the　owners；　as



with　their　wives　and　children　they　came　forth　to　meet　the　army；



found　themselves　surrounded；　in　the　midst　of　the　security　of　peace；



with　all　the　horrors　of　war。　Marius　Maturus　was　then　governing　as



procurator　the　province　of　the　Maritime　Alps。　Raising　the



population；　in　which　is　no　lack　of　able…bodied　men；　he　resolved　to



drive　back　the　Othonianists　from　the　borders　of　his　province；　but



the　mountaineers　were　cut　down　and　broken　by　the　first　charge；　as



might　be　expected　of　men　who　had　been　hastily　collected；　who　were



not　familiar　with　camps　or　with　regular　command；　who　saw　no　glory　in



victory；　no　infamy　in　flight。



　　Exasperated　by　this　conflict；　the　troops　of　Otho　vented　their　rage



on　the　town　of　Albintemilium。　In　the　field　indeed　they　had　secured



no　plunder；　their　rustic　adversaries　were　poor；　and　their　arms



worthless；　nor　could　they　be　taken　prisoners；　for　they　were　swift　of



foot；　and　knew　the　country　well。　But　the　rapacity　of　the　troops



glutted　itself　in　the　ruin　of　an　innocent　population。　The　horror　of



these　acts　was　aggravated　by　a　noble　display　of　fortitude　in　a



Ligurian　woman；　she　had　concealed　her　son；　and　when　the　soldiers；



who　believed　that　some　money　had　been　hidden　with　him；　questioned



her　with　torture　as　to　where　she　was　hiding　him；　she　pointed　to　her



bosom；　and　replied；　〃It　is　here　that　he　is　concealed〃；　nor　could　any



subsequent　threats　or　even　death　itself　make　her　falter　in　this



courageous　and　noble　answer。



　　Messengers　now　came　in　haste　and　alarm　to　inform　Fabius　Valens；



how　Otho's　fleet　was　threatening　the　province　of　Gallia　Narbonensis；



which　had　sworn　allegiance　to　Vitellius。　Envoys　from　the　colonies　were



already　on　the　spot　praying　for　aid。　He　despatched　two　cohorts　of



Tungrian　infantry；　four　squadrons　of　horse；　and　all　the　cavalry　of　the



Treviri　under　the　command　of　Julius　Classicus。　Part　of　these　troops



were　retained　for　the　defence　of　the　colony　of　Forum　Julii；　for　it　was



feared；　that　if　the　whole　army　were　sent　by　the　route　through　the



interior；　the　enemy's　fleet　might　make　a　rapid　movement　on　the



unprotected　coast。　Twelve　squadrons　of　cavalry　and　some　picked



infantry　advanced　against　the　enemy；　they　were　reinforced　by　a



cohort　of　Ligurians；　an　auxiliary　local　force　of　long　standing；　and



five　hundred　Pannonians；　not　yet　regularly　enrolled。　The　conflict



commenced　without　delay；　the　enemy's　line　of　battle　being　so　arranged；



that　part　of　the　levies　from　the　fleet；　who　had　a　number　of　rustics



among　their　ranks；　were　posted　on　the　slope　of　the　hills　which



border　on　the　coast；　the　Praetorians　fully　occupying　the　level



ground　between　the　hills　and　the　shore；　while　on　the　sea　was　the



fleet；　moored　to　the　land　and　ready　for　action；　drawn　up　in　line　so　as



to　present　a　formidable　front。　The　Vitellianists　whose　infantry　was



inferior；　but　who　were　strong　in　cavalry；　stationed　the　mountaineers



on　the　neighbouring　heights；　and　their　infantry　in　close　ranks



behind　the　cavalry。　The　squadrons　of　the　Treveri　charged　the　enemy



incautiously；　and　found　themselves　encountered　in　front　by　the　veteran



troops；　while　on　the　flanks　they　were　also　annoyed　by　showers　of



stones　from　the　rustic　band；　who　were　skilful　throwers；　and　who；　mixed



up　as　they　were　among　the　regular　soldiers；　whether　cowardly　or　brave；



were　all　equally　bold　in　the　moment　of　victory。　The　general



consternation　of　the　Vitellianists　was　increased　by　a　new　alarm　as　the



fleet　attacked　the　rear　of　the　combatants。　By　this　movement　they



were　hemmed　in　on　all　sides；　and　the　whole　force　would　have



perished；　had　not　the　shades　of　night　checked　the　advance　of　the



victorious　army；　and　covered　the　retreat　of　the　vanquished。



　　The　Vitellianists；　however；　though　beaten；　did　not　remain



inactive。　They　brought　up　reinforcements　and　attacked　the　enemy；　who



felt　themselves　secure；　and　whose　vigilance　was　relaxed　by　success。



The　sentinels　were　cut　down；　the　camp　stormed；　and　the　panic　reached



the　ships；　till；　as　the　alarm　gradually　subsided；　they　again　assumed



the　offensive　under　the　protection　of　some　neighbouring　heights



which　they　had　occupied。　A　terrible　slaughter　ensued；　and　the　prefects



of　the　Tungrian　cohorts；　after　having　long　maintained　their　line



unbroken；　fell　beneath　a　shower　of　missiles。　The　Othonianists；



however；　did　not　achieve　a　bloodless　victory；　as　the　enemy's　cavalry



wheeled　round；　and　cut　off　some　who　had　imprudently　prolonged　the



pursuit。　And　then；　as　if　a　sort　of　armistice　had　been　concluded　to



provide　against　any　sudden　panic　that　the　cavalry　of　the　one　party



or　the　fleet　of　the　other　might　cause；　the　Vitellianists　retreated



to　Antipolis；　a　town　of　Gallia　Narbonensis；　the　Othonianists　to



Albigaunum；　in　Upper　Liguria。



　　Corsica；　Sardinia；　and　the　other　islands　of　the　neighbouring　seas；



were　retained　in　the　interests　of　Otho　by　the　fame　of　these　naval



successes。　Corsica；　however；　all　but　suffered　fatal　injury　from　the



rash　proceedings　of　Decumus　Pacarius；　the　procurator；　proceedings



which　in　so　gigantic　a　war　could　contribute　nothing　to　the　general



result；　and　which　only　brought　destruction　upon　their　author。　In　his



hatred　of　Otho　he　resolved　to　support　Vitellius　with　the　whole



strength　of　Corsica；　an　insignificant　assistance　even　had　the　design



succeeded。　He　collected　the　chief　men　of　the　island；　and　explained　his



plans。　Claudius　Pyrrhicus；　captain　of　the　Liburnian　ships　stationed　in



the　place；　and　Quintius　Certus；　a　Roman　knight；　who　ventured　to



offer　opposition；　he　ordered　to　execution。　All　who　were　present　were



terrified　at　their　death；　and；　with　the　ignorant　populace；　which



ever　blindly　shares　in　the　fears　of　others；　took　the　oath　of



allegiance　to　Vitellius。　But　when　Pacarius　began　to　enlist　troops；　and



to　weary　with　military　duties　an　undisciplined　population；　disgusted



with　the　unusual　toil；　they　began　to　reflect　upon　their　own



weakness。　〃The　country　which　we　inhabit；〃　they　said　to　themselves；　〃is



an　island：　Germany　and　its　mighty　legions　are　far　from　us；　and　we　know



that　even　countries　protected　by　infantry　and　cavalry　have　been



plundered　and　ravaged　by　the　fleet。〃　Their　feelings　underwent　a　sudden



change；　they　did　not；　however；　resort　to　open　violence；　but　chose　an



opportunity　for　a　treacherous　attack。　When　the　persons　who　usually



surrounded　Pacarius　had　left　him；　and　he　was　naked　and　helpless　in　the



bath；　they　slew　him。　His　associates　were　slaughtered　with　him。　The



perpetrators　of　the　deed　carried　the　heads　of　the　slain　to　Otho；　as



being　the　heads　of　public　enemies；　but；　lost　among　the　crowd　of



greater　criminals；　in　the　vast　confusion　of　events；　they　were



neither　rewarded　by　Otho　nor　punished　by　Vitellius。



　　Silius'　Horse　had　now；　as　I　have　already　related；　opened　the　way



into　Italy；　and　transferred　the　war　across　the　borders。　No　one



entertained　any　attachment　to　Otho；　yet　it　was　not　because　they



preferred　Vitellius：　long　years　of　peace　had　subdued　them　to　any



kind　of　servitude；　had　made　them　ready　to　submit　to　the　first　comer



and　careless　about　the　better　cause。　The　wealthiest　district　of　Italy；



the　broad　plains　and　cities　which　lie　between　the　Padus　and　the



Alps；　was　now　held　by　the　troops　of　Vitellius；　for　by　this　time　the



infantry　sent　on　in　advance　by　Caecina　had　also　arrived。　A　coh