the golden bough-第210部分

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n　dies　also。　The　analogy　between　the　custom　and　the　tales　is　all　the　closer　because　in　both　of　them　the　power　of　thus　removing　the　soul　from　the　body　and　stowing　it　away　in　an　animal　is　often　a　special　privilege　of　wizards　and　witches。　Thus　the　Yakuts　of　Siberia　believe　that　every　shaman　or　wizard　keeps　his　soul；　or　one　of　his　souls；　incarnate　in　an　animal　which　is　carefully　concealed　from　all　the　world。　Nobody　can　find　my　external　soul；　said　one　famous　wizard；　it　lies　hidden　far　away　in　the　stony　mountains　of　Edzhigansk。　Only　once　a　year；　when　the　last　snows　melt　and　the　earth　turns　black；　do　these　external　souls　of　wizards　appear　in　the　shape　of　animals　among　the　dwellings　of　men。　They　wander　everywhere；　yet　none　but　wizards　can　see　them。　The　strong　ones　sweep　roaring　and　noisily　along；　the　weak　steal　about　quietly　and　furtively。　Often　they　fight；　and　then　the　wizard　whose　external　soul　is　beaten；　falls　ill　or　dies。　The　weakest　and　most　cowardly　wizards　are　they　whose　souls　are　incarnate　in　the　shape　of　dogs；　for　the　dog　gives　his　human　double　no　peace；　but　gnaws　his　heart　and　tears　his　body。　The　most　powerful　wizards　are　they　whose　external　souls　have　the　shape　of　stallions；　elks；　black　bears；　eagles；　or　boars。　Again；　the　Samoyeds　of　the　Turukhinsk　region　hold　that　every　shaman　has　a　familiar　spirit　in　the　shape　of　a　boar；　which　he　leads　about　by　a　magic　belt。　On　the　death　of　the　boar　the　shaman　himself　dies；　and　stories　are　told　of　battles　between　wizards；　who　send　their　spirits　to　fight　before　they　encounter　each　other　in　person。　The　Malays　believe　that　the　soul　of　a　person　may　pass　into　another　person　or　into　an　animal；　or　rather　that　such　a　mysterious　relation　can　arise　between　the　two　that　the　fate　of　the　one　is　wholly　dependent　on　that　of　the　other。

Among　the　Melanesians　of　Mota；　one　of　the　New　Hebrides　islands；　the　conception　of　an　external　soul　is　carried　out　in　the　practice　of　daily　life。　In　the　Mota　language　the　word　tamaniu　signifies　something　animate　or　inanimate　which　a　man　has　come　to　believe　to　have　an　existence　intimately　connected　with　his　own　。　It　was　not　every　one　in　Mota　who　had　his　tamaniu；　only　some　men　fancied　that　they　had　this　relation　to　a　lizard；　a　snake；　or　it　might　be　a　stone；　sometimes　the　thing　was　sought　for　and　found　by　drinking　the　infusion　of　certain　leaves　and　heaping　together　the　dregs；　then　whatever　living　thing　was　first　seen　in　or　upon　the　heap　was　the　tamaniu。　It　was　watched　but　not　fed　or　worshipped；　the　natives　believed　that　it　came　at　call；　and　that　the　life　of　the　man　was　bound　up　with　the　life　of　his　tamaniu；　if　a　living　thing；　or　with　its　safety；　should　it　die；　or　if　not　living　get　broken　or　be　lost；　the　man　would　die。　Hence　in　case　of　sickness　they　would　send　to　see　if　the　tamaniu　was　safe　and　well。

The　theory　of　an　external　soul　deposited　in　an　animal　appears　to　be　very　prevalent　in　West　Africa；　particularly　in　Nigeria；　the　Cameroons；　and　the　Gaboon。　Among　the　Fans　of　the　Gaboon　every　wizard　is　believed　at　initiation　to　unite　his　life　with　that　of　some　particular　wild　animal　by　a　rite　of　blood…brotherhood；　he　draws　blood　from　the　ear　of　the　animal　and　from　his　own　arm；　and　inoculates　the　animal　with　his　own　blood；　and　himself　with　the　blood　of　the　beast。　Henceforth　such　an　intimate　union　is　established　between　the　two　that　the　death　of　the　one　entails　the　death　of　the　other。　The　alliance　is　thought　to　bring　to　the　wizard　or　sorcerer　a　great　accession　of　power；　which　he　can　turn　to　his　advantage　in　various　ways。　In　the　first　place；　like　the　warlock　in　the　fairy　tales　who　has　deposited　his　life　outside　of　himself　in　some　safe　place；　the　Fan　wizard　now　deems　himself　invulnerable。　Moreover；　the　animal　with　which　he　has　exchanged　blood　has　become　his　familiar；　and　will　obey　any　orders　he　may　choose　to　give　it；　so　he　makes　use　of　it　to　injure　and　kill　his　enemies。　For　that　reason　the　creature　with　whom　he　establishes　the　relation　of　blood…brotherhood　is　never　a　tame　or　domestic　animal；　but　always　a　ferocious　and　dangerous　wild　beast；　such　as　a　leopard；　a　black　serpent；　a　crocodile；　a　hippopotamus；　a　wild　boar；　or　a　vulture。　Of　all　these　creatures　the　leopard　is　by　far　the　commonest　familiar　of　Fan　wizards；　and　next　to　it　comes　the　black　serpent；　the　vulture　is　the　rarest。　Witches　as　well　as　wizards　have　their　familiars；　but　the　animals　with　which　the　lives　of　women　are　thus　bound　up　generally　differ　from　those　to　which　men　commit　their　external　souls。　A　witch　never　has　a　panther　for　her　familiar；　but　often　a　venomous　species　of　serpent；　sometimes　a　horned　viper；　sometimes　a　black　serpent；　sometimes　a　green　one　that　lives　in　banana…trees；　or　it　may　be　a　vulture；　an　owl；　or　other　bird　of　night。　In　every　case　the　beast　or　bird　with　which　the　witch　or　wizard　has　contracted　this　mystic　alliance　is　an　individual；　never　a　species；　and　when　the　individual　animal　dies　the　alliance　is　naturally　at　an　end；　since　the　death　of　the　animal　is　supposed　to　entail　the　death　of　the　man。

Similar　beliefs　are　held　by　the　natives　of　the　Cross　River　valley　within　the　provinces　of　the　Cameroons。　Groups　of　people；　generally　the　inhabitants　of　a　village；　have　chosen　various　animals；　with　which　they　believe　themselves　to　stand　on　a　footing　of　intimate　friendship　or　relationship。　Amongst　such　animals　are　hippopotamuses；　elephants；　leopards；　crocodiles；　gorillas；　fish；　and　serpents；　all　of　them　creatures　which　are　either　very　strong　or　can　easily　hide　themselves　in　the　water　or　a　thicket。　This　power　of　concealing　themselves　is　said　to　be　an　indispensable　condition　of　the　choice　of　animal　familiars；　since　the　animal　friend　or　helper　is　expected　to　injure　his　owner's　enemy　by　stealth；　for　example；　if　he　is　a　hippopotamus；　he　will　bob　up　suddenly　out　of　the　water　and　capsize　the　enemy's　canoe。　Between　the　animals　and　their　human　friends　or　kinsfolk　such　a　sympathetic　relation　is　supposed　to　exist　that　the　moment　the　animal　dies　the　man　dies　also；　and　similarly　the　instant　the　man　perishes　so　does　the　beast。　》From　this　it　follows　that　the　animal　kinsfolk　may　never　be　shot　at　or　molested　for　fear　of　injuring　or　killing　the　persons　whose　lives　are　knit　up　with　the　lives　of　the　brutes。　This　does　not；　however；　prevent　the　people　of　a　village；　who　have　elephants　for　their　animal　friends；　from　hunting　elephants。　For　they　do　not　respect　the　whole　species　but　merely　certain　individuals　of　it；　which　stand　in　an　intimate　relation　to　certain　individual　men　and　women；　and　they　imagine　that　they　can　always　distinguish　these　brother　elephants　from　the　common　herd　of　elephants　which　are　mere　elephants　and　nothing　more。　The　recognition　indeed　is　said　to　be　mutual。　When　a　hunter；　who　has　an　elephant　for　his　friend；　meets　a　human　elephant；　as　we　may　call　it；　the　noble　animal　lifts　up　a　paw　and　holds　it　before　his　face；　as　much　as　to　say；　Don't　shoot。　Were　the　hunter　so　inhuman　as　to　fire　on　and　wound　such　an　elephant；　the　person　whose　life　was　bound　up　with　the　elephant　would　fall　ill。

The　Balong　of　the　Cameroons　think　that　every　man　has　several　souls；　of　which　one　is　in　his　body　and　another　in　an　animal；　such　as　an　elephant；　a　wild　pig；　a　leopard；　and　so　forth。　When　a　man　comes　home；　feeling　ill；　and　says；　I　shall　soon　die；　and　dies　accordingly；　the　people　aver　that　one　of　his　souls　has　been　killed　in　a　wild　pig　or　a　leopard　and　that　the　death　of　the　external　soul　has　caused　the　death　of　the　soul　in　his　body。　A　similar　belief　in　the　external　souls　of　living　people　is　entertained　by　the　Ibos；　an　important　tribe　of　the　Niger　delta。　They　think　that　a　man's　spirit　can　quit　his　body　for　a　time　during　life　and　take　up　its　abode　in　an　animal。　A　man　who　wishes　to　acquire　this　power　procures　a　certain　drug　from　a　wise　man　and　mixes　it　with　his　food。　After　that　his　soul　goes　out　and　enters　into　an　animal。　If　it　should　happen　that　the　animal　is　killed　while　the　man's　soul　is　lodged　in　it；　the　man　dies；　and　if　the　animal　be　wounded；　the　man's　body　will　presently　be　covered　with　boils。　This　belief　instigates　to　many　deeds　of　darkness；　for　a　sly　rogue　will　sometimes　surreptitiously　administer　the　magical　drug　to　his　enemy　in　his　food；　and　having　thus　smuggled　the　other's　soul　into　an　animal　will　destroy　the　creature；　and　with　it　the　man　whose　soul　is　lodged　in　it。

The　negroes　of　Calabar；　at　the　mouth　of　the　Niger；　believe　that　every　person　has　four　souls；　one　of　which　always　lives　outside　of　his　or　her　body　in　the　form　of　a　wild　beast　in　the　forest。　This　external　soul；　or　bush　soul；　as　Miss　Kingsley　calls　it；　may　be　almost　any　animal；　for　example；　a　leopard；　a　fish；　or　a　tortoise；　but　it　is　never　a　domestic　animal　and　never　a　plant。　Unless　he　is　gifted　with　second　sight；　a　man　cannot　see　his　own　bush　soul；　but　a　diviner　will　often　tell　him　what　sort　of　creature　his　bush　soul　is；　and　after　that　the　man　will　be　careful　not　to　kill　any　animal　of　that　species；　and　will　strongly　object　to　any　one　else　doing　so。　A　man　and　his　sons　have　usually　the　same　sort　of　animals　for　their　bush　souls；　and　so　with　a　mother　and　her　daughters。　But　sometimes　all　the　children　of　a　family　take　after　the　bush　soul　of　their　father；　for　example；　if　his　external　soul　is　a　leopard；　all　his　sons　and　daughters　will　have　leopards　for　their　external　souls。　And　on　the　other　hand；　sometimes　they　all　take　after　their　mother；　for　instance；　if　her　external　soul　is　a　tortoise；　all　the　external　souls　of　her　sons　and　daughters　will　be　tortoises　too。　So　intimately　bound　up　is　the　life　of　the　man　with　that　of　the　animal　which　he　regards　as　his　external　or　bush　soul；　that　the　death　or　injury　of　the　animal　necessarily　entails　the　death　or　injury　of　the　man。　And；　conversely；　when　the　man　dies；　his　bush　soul　can　no　longer　find　a　place　of　rest；　but　goes　mad　and　rushes　into　the　fire　or　charges　people　and　is　knocked　on　the　head；　and　that　is　an　end　of　it。

Near　Eket　in　North　Calabar　there　is　a　sacred　lake；　the　fish　of　which　are　carefully　preserved　because　the　people　believe　that　their　own　souls　are　lodged　in　the　fish；　and　that　with　every　fish　killed　a　human　life　would　be　simultaneously　extinguished。　In　the　Calabar　River　not　very　many　years　ago　there　used　to　be　a　huge　old　crocodile；　popularly　supposed　to　contain　the　external　soul　of　a　chief　who　resided　in　the　flesh　at　Duke　Town。　Sporting　vice…co