伊浪窮徨慕 > 将砿凪麿窮徨慕 > sophist >

及12何蛍

sophist-及12何蛍

弌傍�� sophist 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



the simplest and least of sentences��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 Yes�察�for he now arrives at the point of giving an intimation

about something which is�察�or is becoming�察�or has become�察�or will be。

And he not only names�察�but he does something�察�by connecting 

verbs with

nouns�察�and therefore we say that he discourses�察�and to this 

connection

of words we give the name of discourse。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And as there are some things which fit one another�察�and other

things which do not fit�察�so there are some vocal signs which do�察�and

others which do not�察�combine and form discourse。

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 There is another small matter。

  Theaet。 What is it��

  Str。 A sentence must and cannot help having a subject。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And must be of a certain quality。

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And now let us mind what we are about。

  Theaet。 We must do so。

  Str。 I will repeat a sentence to you in which a thing and an

action are combined�察�by the help of a noun and a verb�察�and you shall

tell me of whom the sentence speaks。

  Theaet。 I will�察�to the best my power。

  Str。 ;Theaetetus sits;´not a very long sentence。

  Theaet。 Not very。

  Str。 Of whom does the sentence speak�察�and who is the 

subject that is

what you have to tell。

  Theaet。 Of me�察�I am the subject。

  Str。 Or this sentence�察�again´

  Theaet。 What sentence��

  Str。 ;Theaetetus�察�with whom I am now speaking�察�is flying。;

  Theaet。 That also is a sentence which will be admitted by every

one to speak of me�察�and to apply to me。

  Str。 We agreed that every sentence must necessarily have a certain

quality。

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And what is the quality of each of these two sentences��

  Theaet。 The one�察�as I imagine�察�is false�察�and the other true。

  Str。 The true says what is true about you��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And the false says what is other than true��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And therefore speaks of things which are not as if they were��

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And say that things are real of you which are not�察�for�察�as we

were saying�察�in regard to each thing or person�察�there is much that

is and much that is not。

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 The second of the two sentences which related to you was

first of all an example of the shortest form consistent with our

definition。

  Theaet。 Yes�察�this was implied in recent admission。

  Str。 And�察�in the second place�察�it related to a subject��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 Who must be you�察�and can be nobody else��

  Theaet。 Unquestionably。

  Str。 And it would be no sentence at all if there were no subject��

for�察�as we proved�察�a sentence which has no subject is impossible。

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 When other�察�then�察�is asserted of you as the same�察�and 

not´being

as being�察�such a combination of nouns and verbs is really and truly

false discourse。

  Theaet。 Most true。

  Str。 And therefore thought�察�opinion�察�and imagination are now

proved to exist in our minds both as true and false。

  Theaet。 How so��

  Str。 You will know better if you first gain a knowledge of 

what they

are�察�and in what they severally differ from one another。

  Theaet。 Give me the knowledge which you would wish me to gain。

  Str。 Are not thought and speech the same�察�with this exception��

that what is called thought is the unuttered conversation of the

soul with herself��

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 But the stream of thought which flows through the lips and is

audible is called speech��

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And we know that there exists in speech。。。

  Theaet。 What exists��

  Str。 Affirmation。

  Theaet。 Yes�察�we know it。

  Str。 When the affirmation or denial takes Place in silence and in

the mind only�察�have you any other name by which to call it but

opinion��

  Theaet。 There can be no other name。

  Str。 And when opinion is presented�察�not simply�察�but in some form

of sense�察�would you not call it imagination��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And seeing that language is true and false�察�and that 

thought is

the conversation of the soul with herself�察�and opinion is the end of

thinking�察�and imagination or phantasy is the union of sense and

opinion�察�the inference is that some of them�察�since they are akin to

language�察�should have an element of falsehood as well as of truth��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 Do you perceive�察�then�察�that false opinion and speech have

been discovered sooner than we expected�拭�For just now we seemed to

be undertaking a task which would never be accomplished。

  Theaet。 I perceive。

  Str。 Then let us not be discouraged about the future�察�but 

now having

made this discovery�察�let us go back to our previous classification。

  Theaet。 What classification��

  Str。 We divided image´making into two sorts�察�the one

likeness´making�察�the other imaginative or phantastic。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And we said that we were uncertain in which we should 

place the

Sophist。

  Theaet。 We did say so。

  Str。 And our heads began to go round more and more when it was

asserted that there is no such thing as an image or idol or

appearance�察�because in no manner or time or place can there ever be

such a thing as falsehood。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And now�察�since there has been shown to be false speech and

false opinion�察�there may be imitations of real existences�察�and out

of this condition of the mind an art of deception may arise。

  Theaet。 Quite possible。

  Str。 And we have�此�already admitted�察�in what preceded�察�that the

Sophist was lurking in one of the divisions of the likeness´making

art��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 Let us�察�then�察�renew the attempt�察�and in dividing any class��

always take the part to the right�察�holding fast to that which holds

the Sophist�察�until we have stripped him of all his common

properties�察�and reached his difference or peculiar。 Then we may

exhibit him in his true nature�察�first to ourselves and then 

to kindred

dialectical spirits。

  Theaet。 Very good。

  Str。 You may remember that all art was originally divided 

by us into

creative and acquisitive。

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And the Sophist was flitting before us in the acquisitive

class�察�in the subdivisions of hunting�察�contests�察�merchandise�察�and

the like。

  Theaet。 Very true。

  Str。 But now that the imitative art has enclosed him�察�it is clear

that we must begin by dividing the art of creation�察�for 

imitation is a

kind of creation of images�察�however�察�as we affirm�察�and not of real

things。

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 In the first place�察�there are two kinds of creation。

  Theaet。 What are they��

  Str。 One of them is human and the other divine。

  Theaet。 I do not follow。

  Str。 Every power�察�as you may remember our saying originally�察�which

causes things to exist�察�not previously existing�察�was defined by us

as creative。

  Theaet。 I remember。

  Str。 Looking�察�now�察�at the world and all the animals and plants�察�at

things which grow upon the earth from seeds and roots�察�as well as at

inanimate substances which are formed within the earth�察�fusile or

non´fusile�察�shall we say that they come into existence´not having

existed previously´by the creation of God�察�or shall we agree with

vulgar opinion about them��

  Theaet。 What is it��

  Str。 The opinion that nature brings them into being from some

spontaneous and unintelligent cause。 Or shall we say that they are

created by a divine reason and a knowledge which comes from God��

  Theaet。 I dare say that�察�owing to my youth�察�I may often waver in

my view�察�but now when I look at you and see that you incline to

refer them to God�察�I defer to your authority。

  Str。 Nobly said�察�Theaetetus�察�and if I thought that you were one of

those who would hereafter change your mind�察�I would have 

gently argued

with you�察�and forced you to assent�察�but as I perceive that you will

come of yourself and without any argument of mine�察�to that belief

which�察�as you say�察�attracts you�察�I will not forestall the work of

time。 Let me suppose then�察�that things which are said to be made by

nature are the work of divine art�察�and that things which are made by

man out of these are work of human art。 And so there are two kinds

of making and production�察�the one human and the other divine。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 Then�察�now�察�subdivide each of the two sections which we have

already。

  Theaet。 How do you mean��

  Str。 I mean to say that you should make a vertical division of

production or invention�察�as you have already made a lateral one。

  Theaet。 I have done so。

  Str。 Then�察�now�察�there are in all four parts or segments´two of

them have reference to us and are human�察�and two of them have

reference to the gods and are divine。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And�察�again�察�in the division which was supposed to be made in

the other way�察�one part in each subdivision is the making of the

things themselves�察�but the two remaining parts may be called the

making of likenesses�察�and so the productive art is again divided

into two parts。

  Theaet。 Tell me the divisions once more。

  Str。 I suppose that we�察�and the other animals�察�and the elements

out of which things are made´fire�察�water�察�and the like´are 

known by us

to be each and all the creation and work of God。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And there are images of them�察�which are not them�察�but which

correspond to them�察�and these are also the creation of a wonderful

skill。

  Theaet。 What are they��

  Str。 The appearances which spring up of themselves in sleep or by

day�察�such as a shadow when darkness arises in a fire�察�or the

reflection which is produced when the light in bright and smooth

objects meets on their surface with an external light�察�and creates a

perception the opposite of our ordinary sight。

  Theaet。 Yes�察�and the images as well as the creation are equally

the work of a divine hand。

  Str。 And what shall we say of human art�拭�Do we not make 

one house by

the art of building�察�and another by the art of drawing�察�which is a

sort of dream created by man for those who are awake��

  Theaet。 Quite true。

  Str。 And other products of human creation are twofold and go in

pairs�察�there is the thing�察�with which the art of making the thing is

concerne

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��

低辛嬬浪散議