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another aspect of sophistry。

  Theaet。 What is it��

  Str。 In the acquisitive there was a subdivision of the combative

or fighting art。

  Theaet。 There was。

  Str。 Perhaps we had better divide it。

  Theaet。 What shall be the divisions��

  Str。 There shall be one division of the competitive�察�and another

of the pugnacious。

  Theaet。 Very good。

  Str。 That part of the pugnacious which is contest of 

bodily strength

may be properly called by some such name as violent。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And when the war is one of words�察�it may be termed 

controversy��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And controversy may be of two kinds。

  Theaet。 What are they��

  Str。 When long speeches are answered by long speeches�察�and there

is public discussion about the just and unjust�察�that is forensic

controversy。

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And there is a private sort of controversy�察�which is cut up

into questions and answers�察�and this is commonly called disputation��

  Theaet。 Yes�察�that is the name。

  Str。 And of disputation�察�that sort which is only a discussion

about contracts�察�and is carried on at random�察�and without rules´art��

is recognized by the reasoning faculty to be a distinct 

class�察�but has

hitherto had no distinctive name�察�and does not deserve to receive

one from us。

  Theaet。 No�察�for the different sorts of it are too minute and

heterogeneous。

  Str。 But that which proceeds by rules of art to dispute about

justice and injustice in their own nature�察�and about things in

general�察�we have been accustomed to call argumentation ��Eristic����

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And of argumentation�察�one sort wastes money�察�and the other

makes money。

  Theaet。 Very true。

  Str。 Suppose we try and give to each of these two classes a name。

  Theaet。 Let us do so。

  Str。 I should say that the habit which leads a man to neglect his

own affairs for the pleasure of conversation�察�of which the style is

far from being agreeable to the majority of his hearers�察�may 

be fairly

termed loquacity�此�such is my opinion。

  Theaet。 That is the common name for it。

  Str。 But now who the other is�察�who makes money out of private

disputation�察�it is your turn to say。

  Theaet。 There is only one true answer�此�he is the wonderful

Sophist�察�of whom we are in pursuit�察�and who reappears again for the

fourth time。

  Str。 Yes�察�and with a fresh pedigree�察�for he is the money´making

species of the Eristic�察�disputatious�察�controversial。 pugnacious��

combative�察�acquisitive family�察�as the argument has already proven。

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 How true was the observation that he was a many´sided animal��

and not to be caught with one hand�察�as they say��

  Theaet。 Then you must catch him with two。

  Str。 Yes�察�we must�察�if we can。 And therefore let us try�察�another

track in our pursuit of him�此�You are aware that there are certain

menial occupations which have names among servants��

  Theaet。 Yes�察�there are many such�察�which of them do you mean��

  Str。 I mean such as sifting�察�straining�察�winnowing�察�threshing。

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And besides these there are a great many more�察�such 

as carding��

spinning�察�adjusting the warp and the woof�察�and thousands of similar

expressions are used in the arts。

  Theaet。 Of what are they to be patterns�察�and what are we 

going to do

with them all��

  Str。 I think that in all of these there is implied a notion of

division。

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 Then if�察�as I was saying�察�there is one art which includes all

of them�察�ought not that art to have one name��

  Theaes。 And what is the name of the art��

  Str。 The art of discerning or discriminating。

  Theaet。 Very good。

  Str。 Think whether you cannot divide this。

  Theaet。 I should have to think a long while。

  Str。 In all the previously named processes either like has been

separated from like or the better from the worse。

  Theaet。 I see now what you mean。

  Str�察�There is no name for the first kind of separation�察�of the

second�察�which throws away the worse and preserves the better�察�I do

know a name。

  Theaet。 What is it��

  Str。 Every discernment or discrimination of that kind�察�as I have

observed�察�is called a purification。

  Theaet。 Yes�察�that is the usual expression。

  Str。 And any one may see that purification is of two kinds。

  Theaet。 Perhaps so�察�if he were allowed time to think�察�but I do not

see at this moment。

  Str。 There are many purifications of bodies which may with 

propriety

be comprehended under a single name。

  Theaet。 What are they�察�and what is their name��

  Str。 There is the purification of living bodies in their inward

and in their outward parts�察�of which the former is duly effected by

medicine and gymnastic�察�the latter by the not very dignified art of

the bath´man�察�and there is the purification of inanimate 

substances´to

this the arts of fulling and of furbishing in general attend in a

number of minute particulars�察�having a variety of names which are

thought ridiculous。

  Theaet。 Very true。

  Str。 There can be no doubt that they are thought ridiculous��

Theaetetus�察�but then the dialectical art never considers whether the

benefit to be derived from the purge is greater or less than that to

be derived from the sponge�察�and has not more interest in the one

than in the other�察�her endeavour is to know what is and is 

not kindred

in all arts�察�with a view to the acquisition of intelligence�察�and

having this in view�察�she honours them all alike�察�and when she makes

comparisons�察�she counts one of them not a whit more ridiculous than

another�察�nor does she esteem him who adduces as his example of

hunting�察�the general's art�察�at all more decorous than another who

cites that of the vermin´destroyer�察�but only as the greater

pretender of the two。 And as to your question concerning the name

which was to comprehend all these arts of purification�察�whether of

animate or inanimate bodies�察�the art of dialectic is in no wise

particular about fine words�察�if she maybe only allowed to have a

general name for all other purifications�察�binding them up 

together and

separating them off from the purification of the soul or intellect。

For this is the purification at which she wants to arrive�察�

and this we

should understand to be her aim。

  Theaet。 Yes�察�I understand�察�and I agree that there are two sorts of

purification and that one of them is concerned with the 

soul�察�and that

there is another which is concerned with the body。

  Str。 Excellent�察�and now listen to what I am going to say�察�

and try to

divide further the first of the two。

  Theaet。 Whatever line of division you suggest�察�I will endeavour to

assist you。

  Str。 Do we admit that virtue is distinct from vice in the soul��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And purification was to leave the good and to cast 

out whatever

is bad��

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 Then any taking away of evil from the soul may be properly

called purification��

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And in the soul there are two kinds of evil。

  Theaet。 What are they��

  Str。 The one may be compared to disease in the body�察�the other to

deformity。

  Theaet。 I do not understand。

  Str。 Perhaps you have never reflected that disease and discord are

the same。

  Theaet。 To this�察�again�察�I know not what I should reply。

  Str。 Do you not conceive discord to be a dissolution of kindred

clements�察�originating in some disagreement��

  Theaet。 Just that。

  Str。 And is deformity anything but the want of measure�察�which is

always unsightly��

  Theaet。 Exactly。

  Str。 And do we not see that opinion is opposed to desire�察�pleasure

to anger�察�reason to pain�察�and that all these elements are opposed to

one another in the souls of bad men��

  Theaet。 Certainly。

  Str。 And yet they must all be akin��

  Theaet。 Of course。

  Str。 Then we shall be right in calling vice a discord and 

disease of

the soul��

  Theaet。 Most true。

  Str。 And when things having motion�察�an aiming at an appointed

mark�察�continually miss their aim and glance aside�察�shall we say that

this is the effect of symmetry among them�察�or of the want of 

symmetry��

  Theaet。 Clearly of the want of symmetry。

  Str。 But surely we know that no soul is voluntarily ignorant of

anything��

  Theaet。 Certainly not。

  Str。 And what is ignorance but the aberration of a mind which is

bent on truth�察�and in which the process of understanding is 

perverted��

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 Then we are to regard an unintelligent soul as deformed and

devoid of symmetry��

  Theaet。 Very true。

  Str。 Then there are these two kinds of evil in the soul´the one

which is generally called vice�察�and is obviously a disease of the

soul。。。

  Theaet。 Yes。

  Str。 And there is the other�察�which they call ignorance�察�and which��

because existing only in the soul�察�they will not allow to be vice。

  Theaet。 I certainly admit what I at first disputed´that there are

two kinds of vice in the soul�察�and that we ought to consider

cowardice�察�intemperance�察�and injustice to be alike forms of 

disease in

the soul�察�and ignorance�察�of which there are all sorts of 

varieties�察�to

be deformity。

  Str。 And in the case of the body are there not two arts�察�which

have to do with the two bodily states��

  Theaet。 What are they��

  Str。 There is gymnastic�察�which has to do with deformity�察�and

medicine�察�which has to do with disease。

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And where there is insolence and injustice and cowardice�察�is

not chastisement the art which is most required��

  Theaet。 That certainly appears to be the opinion of mankind。

  Str。 Again�察�of the various kinds of ignorance�察�may not instruction

be rightly said to be the remedy��

  Theaet。 True。

  Str。 And of the art of instruction�察�shall we say that there is one

or many kinds�拭�At any rate there are two principal ones。 Think。

  Theaet。 I will。

  Str。 I believe that I can see how we shall soonest arrive at the

answer to this question。

  Theaet。 How��

  Str。 If we can discover a line which divides ignorance into two

halves。 For a division of ignorance into two parts will certainly

imply that the art of instruction is also twofold�察�answering to the

two divi

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