sophist-第6部分
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Theaet。 Yes; surely number; if anything; has a real existence。
Str。 Then we must not attempt to attribute to not…being number
either in the singular or plural?
Theaet。 The argument implies that we should be wrong in doing so。
Str。 But how can a man either express in words or even conceive in
thought things which are not or a thing which is not without number?
Theaet。 How indeed?
Str。 When we speak of things which are not attributing plurality
to not…being?
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 But; on the other hand; when we say 〃what is not;〃 do we not
attribute unity?
Theaet。 Manifestly。
Str。 Nevertheless; we maintain that you may not and ought not to
attribute being to not…being?
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 Do you see; then; that not…being in itself can neither be
spoken; uttered; or thought; but that it is unthinkable;
unutterable; unspeakable; indescribable?
Theaet。 Quite true。
Str。 But; if so; I was wrong in telling you just now that the
difficulty which was coming is the greatest of all。
Theaet。 What! is there a greater still behind?
Str。 Well; I am surprised; after what has been said already; that
you do not see the difficulty in which he who would refute the
notion of not…being is involved。 For he is compelled to contradict
himself as soon as he makes the attempt。
Theaet。 What do you mean? Speak more clearly。
Str。 Do not expect clearness from me。 For I; who maintain that
not…being has no part either in the one or many; just now
spoke and am
still speaking of not…being as one; for I say 〃not…being。〃 Do you
understand?
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And a little while ago I said that not…being is unutterable;
unspeakable; indescribable: do you follow?
Theaet。 I do after a fashion。
Str。 When I introduced the word 〃is;〃 did I not contradict what I
said before?
Theaet。 Clearly。
Str。 And in using the singular verb; did I not speak of
not…being as
one?
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And when I spoke of not…being as indescribable and
unspeakable and unutterable; in using each of these words in the
singular; did I not refer to not…being as one?
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 And yet we say that; strictly speaking; it should not be
defined as one or many; and should not even be called 〃it;〃 for the
use of the word 〃it〃 would imply a form of unity。
Theaet。 Quite true。
Str。 How; then; can any one put any faith in me? For now;
as always;
I am unequal to the refutation of not…being。 And therefore; as I was
saying; do not look to me for the right way of speaking about
not…being; but come; let us try the experiment with you。
Theaet。 What do you mean?
Str。 Make a noble effort; as becomes youth; and endeavour with all
your might to speak of not…being in a right manner; without
introducing into it either existence or unity or plurality。
Theaet。 It would be a strange boldness in me which would
attempt the
task when I see you thus discomfited。
Str。 Say no more of ourselves; but until we find some one or other
who can speak of not…being without number; we must acknowledge that
the Sophist is a clever rogue who will not be got out of his hole。
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 And if we say to him that he professes an art of making
appearances; he will grapple with us and retort our argument upon
ourselves; and when we call him an image…maker he will say;
〃Pray what
do you mean at all by an image?〃 …and I should like to know;
Theaetetus; how we can possibly answer the younker's question?
Theaet。 We shall doubtless tell him of the images which are
reflected in water or in mirrors; also of sculptures; pictures; and
other duplicates。
Str。 I see; Theaetetus; that you have never made the
acquaintance of
the Sophist。
Theaet。 Why do you think so?
Str。 He will make believe to have his eyes shut; or to have none。
Theaet。 What do you mean?
Str。 When you tell him of something existing in a mirror; or in
sculpture; and address him as though he had eyes; he will
laugh you to
scorn; and will pretend that he knows nothing of mirrors and
streams; or of sight at all; he will say that he is asking about an
idea。
Theaet。 What can he mean?
Str。 The common notion pervading all these objects; which you
speak of as many; and yet call by the single name of image; as
though it were the unity under which they were all included。 How
will you maintain your ground against him?
Theaet。 How。 Stranger; can I describe an image except as something
fashioned in the likeness of the true?
Str。 And do you mean this something to be some other true thing;
or what do you mean?
Theaet。 Certainly not another true thing; but only a resemblance。
Str。 And you mean by true that which really is?
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And the not true is that which is the opposite of the true?
Theaet。 Exactly。
Str。 A resemblance; then; is not really real; if; as you say; not
true?
Theaet。 Nay; but it is in a certain sense。
Str。 You mean to say; not in a true sense?
Theaet。 Yes; it is in reality only an image。
Str。 Then what we call an image is in reality really unreal。
Theaet。 In what a strange complication of being and
not…being we are
involved!
Str。 Strange! I should think so。 See how; by his reciprocation of
opposites; the many…headed Sophist has compelled us; quite
against our
will; to admit the existence of not…being。
Theaet。 Yes; indeed; I see。
Str。 The difficulty is how to define his art without falling into
a contradiction。
Theaet。 How do you mean? And where does the danger lie?
Str。 When we say that he deceives us with an illusion; and that
his art is illusory; do we mean that our soul is led by his art to
think falsely; or what do we mean?
Theaet。 There is nothing else to be said。
Str。 Again; false opinion is that form of opinion which thinks the
opposite of the truth:…You would assent?
Theaet。 Certainly。
Str。 You mean to say that false opinion thinks what is not?
Theaet。 Of course。
Str。 Does false opinion think that things which are not are not;
or that in a certain sense they are?
Theaet。 Things that are not must be imagined to exist in a certain
sense; if any degree of falsehood is to be possible。
Str。 And does not false opinion also think that things which most
certainly exist do not exist at all?
Theaet。 Yes。
Str。 And here; again; is falsehood?
Theaet。 Falsehood…yes。
Str。 And in like manner; a false proposition will be deemed to be
one which are; the nonexistence of things which are; and the
existence
of things which are not。
Theaet。 There is no other way in which a false proposition can
arise。
Str。 There is not; but the Sophist will deny these statements。 And
indeed how can any rational man assent to them; when the very
expressions which we have just used were before acknowledged by us
to be unutterable; unspeakable; indescribable; unthinkable?
Do you see
his point; Theaetetus?
Theaet。 Of course he will say that we are contradicting ourselves
when we hazard the assertion; that falsehood exists in opinion and
in words; for in maintaining this; we are compelled over and over
again to assert being of not…being; which we admitted just now to be
an utter impossibility。
Str。 How well you remember! And now it is high time to hold a
consultation as to what we ought to do about the Sophist; for if we
persist in looking for him in the class of false workers and
magicians; you see that the handles for objection and the
difficulties
which will arise are very numerous and obvious。
Theaet。 They are indeed。
Str。 We have gone through but a very small portion of
them; and they
are really infinite。
Theaet。 If that is the case; we cannot possibly catch the Sophist。
Str。 Shall we then be so faint…hearted as to give him up?
Theaet。 Certainly not; I should say; if we can get the slightest
hold upon him。
Str。 Will you then forgive me; and; as your words imply; not be
altogether displeased if I flinch a little from the grasp of such a
sturdy argument?
Theaet。 To be sure I will。
Str。 I have a yet more urgent request to make。
Theaet。 Which is…?
Str。 That you will promise not to regard me as a parricide。
Theaet。 And why?
Str。 Because; in self…defence; I must test the philosophy of my
father Parmenides; and try to prove by main force; that in a certain
sense not…being is; and that being; on the other hand; is not。
Theaet。 Some attempt of the kind is clearly needed。
Str。 Yes; a blind man; as they say; might see that; and; unless
these questions are decided in one way or another; no one when he
speaks false words; or false opinion; or idols; or images or
imitations or appearances; or about the arts which are concerned
with them; can avoid falling into ridiculous contradictions。
Theaet。 Most true。
Str。 And therefore I must venture to lay hands on my father's
argument; for if I am to be over…scrupulous; I shall have to give
the matter up。
Theaet。 Nothing in the world should ever induce us to do so。
Str。 I have a third little request which I wish to make。
Theaet。 What is it?
Str。 You heard me…say what…I have always felt and still feel…that
I have no heart for this argument?
Theaet。 I did。
Str。 I tremble at the thought of what I have said; and expect that
you will deem me mad; when you hear of my sudden changes and
shiftings; let me therefore observe; that I am examining the
question entirely out of regard for you。
Theaet。 There is no reason for you to fear that I shall impute any
impropriety to you; if you attempt this refutation and proof; take
heart; therefore; and proceed。
Str。 And where shall I begin the perilous enterprise? I think that
the road which I must take is…
Theaet。 Which?…Let me hear。
Str。 I think that we had better; first of all; consider the points
which at present are regard as self…evident; lest we may have fallen
into some confusion; and be too ready to assent to one another;
fancying that we are quite clear about them。
Theaet。 Say more distinctly wha