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Dover to Weilburg in the balloon; 〃Nassau;〃 occasioned so much 
excitement in 1837;) conceived the idea of employing the principle of 
the Archimedean screw for the purpose of propulsion through the air … 
rightly attributing the failure of Mr。 Henson's scheme; and of Sir 
George Cayley's; to the interruption of surface in the independent 
vanes。  He made the first public experiment at Willis's Rooms; but 
afterward removed his model to the Adelaide Gallery。

    〃Like Sir George Cayley's balloon; his own was an ellipsoid。  Its 
length was thirteen feet six inches … height; six feet eight inches。 
It contained about three hundred and twenty cubic feet of gas; which; 
if pure hydrogen; would support twenty…one pounds upon its first 
inflation; before the gas has time to deteriorate or escape。  The 
weight of the whole machine and apparatus was seventeen pounds … 
leaving about four pounds to spare。  Beneath the centre of the 
balloon; was a frame of light wood; about nine feet long; and rigged 
on to the balloon itself with a network in the customary manner。 
From this framework was suspended a wicker basket or car。

    〃The screw consists of an axis of hollow brass tube; eighteen 
inches in length; through which; upon a semi…spiral inclined at 
fifteen degrees; pass a series of steel wire radii; two feet long; 
and thus projecting a foot on either side。  These radii are connected 
at the outer extremities by two bands of flattened wire … the whole 
in this manner forming the framework of the screw; which is completed 
by a covering of oiled silk cut into gores; and tightened so as to 
present a tolerably uniform surface。  At each end of its axis this 
screw is supported by pillars of hollow brass tube descending from 
the hoop。  In the lower ends of these tubes are holes in which the 
pivots of the axis revolve。  From the end of the axis which is next 
the car; proceeds a shaft of steel; connecting the screw with the 
pinion of a piece of spring machinery fixed in the car。  By the 
operation of this spring; the screw is made to revolve with great 
rapidity; communicating a progressive motion to the whole。  By means 
of the rudder; the machine was readily turned in any direction。  The 
spring was of great power; compared with its dimensions; being 
capable of raising forty…five pounds upon a barrel of four inches 
diameter; after the first turn; and gradually increasing as it was 
wound up。  It weighed; altogether; eight pounds six ounces。  The 
rudder was a light frame of cane covered with silk; shaped somewhat 
like a battledoor; and was about three feet long; and at the widest; 
one foot。  Its weight was about two ounces。  It could be turned 
_flat_; and directed upwards or downwards; as well as to the right or 
left ;  and thus enabled the 鎟onaut to transfer the resistance of 
the air which in an inclined position it must generate in its 
passage; to any side upon which he might desire to act ;  thus 
determining the balloon in the opposite direction。

    〃This model (which; through want of time; we have necessarily 
described in an imperfect manner;) was put in action at the Adelaide 
Gallery; where it accomplished a velocity of five miles per hour; 
although; strange to say; it excited very little interest in 
comparison with the previous complex machine of Mr。 Henson … so 
resolute is the world to despise anything which carries with it an 
air of simplicity。  To accomplish the great desideratum of 鎟ial 
navigation; it was very generally supposed that some exceedingly 
complicated application must be made of some unusually profound 
principle in dynamics。

    〃So well satisfied; however; was Mr。 Mason of the ultimate 
success of his invention; that he determined to construct 
immediately; if possible; a balloon of sufficient capacity to test 
the question by a voyage of some extent … the original design being 
to cross the British Channel; as before; in the Nassau balloon。  To 
carry out his views; he solicited and obtained the patronage of Sir 
Everard Bringhurst and Mr。 Osborne; two gentlemen well known for 
scientific acquirement; and especially for the interest they have 
exhibited in the progress of 鎟ostation。  The project; at the desire 
of Mr。 Osborne; was kept a profound secret from the public … the only 
persons entrusted with the design being those actually engaged in the 
construction of the machine; which was built (under the 
superintendence of Mr。 Mason; Mr。 Holland; Sir Everard Bringhurst; 
and Mr。 Osborne;) at the seat of the latter gentleman near 
Penstruthal; in Wales。  Mr。 Henson; accompanied by his friend Mr。 
Ainsworth; was admitted to a private view of the balloon; on Saturday 
last … when the two gentlemen made final arrangements to be included 
in the adventure。  We are not informed for what reason the two seamen 
were also included in the party … but; in the course of a day or two; 
we shall put our readers in possession of the minutest particulars 
respecting this extraordinary voyage。

    〃The balloon is composed of silk; varnished with the liquid gum 
caoutchouc。  It is of vast dimensions; containing more than 40;000 
cubic feet of gas ;  but as coal gas was employed in place of the 
more expensive and inconvenient hydrogen; the supporting power of the 
machine; when fully inflated; and immediately after inflation; is not 
more than about 2500 pounds。  The coal gas is not only much less 
costly; but is easily procured and managed。

    〃For its introduction into common use for purposes of 
aerostation; we are indebted to Mr。 Charles Green。  Up to his 
discovery; the process of inflation was not only exceedingly 
expensive; but uncertain。 Two; and even three days; have frequently 
been wasted in futile attempts to procure a sufficiency of hydrogen 
to fill a balloon; from which it had great tendency to escape; owing 
to its extreme subtlety; and its affinity for the surrounding 
atmosphere。  In a balloon sufficiently perfect to retain its contents 
of coal…gas unaltered; in quantity or amount; for six months; an 
equal quantity of hydrogen could not be maintained in equal purity 
for six weeks。

    〃The supporting power being estimated at 2500 pounds; and the 
united weights of the party amounting only to about 1200; there was 
left a surplus of 1300; of which again 1200 was exhausted by ballast; 
arranged in bags of different sizes; with their respective weights 
marked upon them … by cordage; barometers; telescopes; barrels 
containing provision for a fortnight; water…casks; cloaks; 
carpet…bags; and various other indispensable matters; including a 
coffee…warmer; contrived for warming coffee by means of slack…lime; 
so as to dispense altogether with fire; if it should be judged 
prudent to do so。  All these articles; with the exception of the 
ballast; and a few trifles; were suspended from the hoop overhead。 
The car is much smaller and lighter; in proportion; than the one 
appended to the model。  It is formed of a light wicker; and is 
wonderfully strong; for so frail looking a machine。  Its rim is about 
four feet deep。  The rudder is also very much larger; in proportion; 
than that of the model ;  and the screw is considerably smaller。  The 
balloon is furnished besides with a grapnel; and a guide…rope ; 
which latter is of the most indispensable importance。 A few words; in 
explanation; will here be necessary for such of our readers as are 
not conversant with the details of aerostation。

    〃As soon as the balloon quits the earth; it is subjected to the 
influence of many circumstances tending to create a difference in its 
weight ;  augmenting or diminishing its ascending power。  For 
example; there may be a deposition of dew upon the silk; to the 
extent; even; of several hundred pounds ;  ballast has then to be 
thrown out; or the machine may descend。  This ballast being 
discarded; and a clear sunshine evaporating the dew; and at the same 
time expanding the gas in the silk; the whole will again rapidly 
ascend。  To check this ascent; the only recourse is; (or rather 
_was_; until Mr。 Green's invention of the guide…rope;) the permission 
of the escape of gas from the valve ;  but; in the loss of gas; is a 
proportionate general loss of ascending power ;  so that; in a 
comparatively brief period; the best…constructed balloon must 
necessarily exhaust all its resources; and come to the earth。  This 
was the great obstacle to voyages of length。

    〃The guide…rope remedies the difficulty in the simplest manner 
conceivable。  It is merely a very long rope which is suffered to 
trail from the car; and the effect of which is to prevent the balloon 
from changing its level in any material degree。  If; for example; 
there should be a deposition of moisture upon the silk; and the 
machine begins to descend in consequence; there will be no necessity 
for discharging ballast to remedy the increase of weight; for it is 
remedied; or counteracted; in an exactly just proportion; by the 
deposit on the ground of just so much of the end of the rope as is 
necessary。  If; on the other hand; any circumstances should cause 
undue levity; and consequent ascent; this levity is immediately 
counteracted by the additional weight of rope upraised from the 
earth。  Thus; the balloon can neither ascend or descend; except 
within very narrow limits; and its resources; either in gas or 
ballast; remain comparatively unimpaired。 When passing over an 
expanse of water; it becomes necessary to employ small kegs of copper 
or wood; filled with liquid ballast of a lighter nature than water。 
These float; and serve all the purposes of a mere rope on land。 
Another most important office of the guide…rope; is to point out the 
_direction_ of the balloon。  The rope _drags_; either on land or sea; 
while the balloon is free ;  the latter; consequently; is always in 
advance; when any progress whatever is made :  a comparison; 
therefore; by means of the compass; of the relative positions of the 
two objects; will always indicate the _course_。  In the same way; the 
angle formed by the rope with the vertical axis of the machine; 
indicates the _velocity_。  When ther

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