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action　there　appears　as　follows：　〃Wingfield　and　Kendall　being　in　disgrace；　seeing　all　things　at　random　in　the　absence　of　Smith；　the　company's　dislike　of　their　President's　weakness；　and　their　small　love　to　Martin's　never…mending　sickness；　strengthened　themselves　with　the　sailors　and　other　confederates　to　regain　their　power；　control；　and　authority；　or　at　least　such　meanes　aboard　the　pinnace　（being　fitted　to　sail　as　Smith　had　appointed　for　trade）　to　alter　her　course　and　to　goe　for　England。　　Smiith　unexpectedly　returning　had　the　plot　discovered　to　him；　much　trouble　he　had　to　prevent　it；　till　with　store　of　sakre　and　musket…shot　he　forced　them　to　stay　or　sink　in　the　river；　which　action　cost　the　life　of　Captain　Kendall。〃

In　a　following　sentence　he　says：　〃The　President　＇Ratcliffe＇　and　Captain　Archer　not　long　after　intended　also　to　have　abandoned　the　country；　which　project　also　was　curbed　and　suppressed　by　Smith。〃　Smith　was　always　suppressing　attempts　at　flight；　according　to　his　own　story；　unconfirmed　by　any　other　writers。　　He　had　before　accused　President　Wingfield　of　a　design　to　escape　in　the　pinnace。

Communications　were　evidently　exchanged　with　Mr。　Wingfield　on　the　pinnace；　and　the　President　was　evidently　ill　at　ease　about　him。　　One　day　he　was　summoned　ashore；　but　declined　to　go；　and　requested　an　interview　with　ten　gentlemen。　　To　those　who　came　off　to　him　he　said　that　he　had　determined　to　go　to　England　to　make　known　the　weakness　of　the　colony；　that　he　could　not　live　under　the　laws　and　usurpations　of　the　Triumvirate；　however；　if　the　President　and　Mr。　Archer　would　go；　he　was　willing　to　stay　and　take　his　fortune　with　the　colony；　or　he　would　contribute　one　hundred　pounds　towards　taking　the　colony　home。　〃They　did　like　none　of　my　proffers；　but　made　divers　shott　at　uss　in　the　pynnasse。〃　　Thereupon　he　went　ashore　and　had　a　conference。

On　the　10th　of　December　Captain　Smith　departed　on　his　famous　expedition　up　the　Chickahominy；　during　which　the　alleged　Pocahontas　episode　occurred。　　Mr。　Wingfield's　condensed　account　of　this　journey　and　captivity　we　shall　refer　to　hereafter。　　In　Smith's　absence　President　Ratcliffe；　contrary　to　his　oath；　swore　Mr。　Archer　one　of　the　Council；　and　Archer　was　no　sooner　settled　in　authority　than　he　sought　to　take　Smith's　life。　　The　enmity　of　this　man　must　be　regarded　as　a　long　credit　mark　to　Smith。　　Archer　had　him　indicted　upon　a　chapter　in　Leviticus　（they　all　wore　a　garb　of　piety）　for　the　death　of　two　men　who　were　killed　by　the　Indians　on　his　expedition。　　〃He　had　had　his　trials　the　same　daie　of　his　retourne；〃　says　Wingfield；　〃and　I　believe　his　hanging　the　same；　or　the　next　daie；　so　speedy　is　our　law　there。　　But　it　pleased　God　to　send　Captain　Newport　unto　us　the　same　evening；　to　our　unspeakable　comfort；　whose　arrivall　saved　Mr。　Smyth's　leif　and　mine；　because　he　took　me　out　of　the　pynnasse；　and　gave　me　leave　to　lyve　in　the　towne。　　Also　by　his　comyng　was　prevented　a　parliament；　which　the　newe　counsailor；　Mr。　Recorder；　intended　thear　to　summon。〃

Captain　Newport's　arrival　was　indeed　opportune。　　He　was　the　only　one　of　the　Council　whose　character　and　authority　seem　to　have　been　generally　respected；　the　only　one　who　could　restore　any　sort　of　harmony　and　curb　the　factious　humors　of　the　other　leaders。　　Smith　should　have　all　credit　for　his　energy　in　procuring　supplies；　for　his　sagacity　in　dealing　with　the　Indians；　for　better　sense　than　most　of　the　other　colonists　exhibited；　and　for　more　fidelity　to　the　objects　of　the　plantation　than　most　of　them；　but　where　ability　to　rule　is　claimed　for　him；　at　this　juncture　we　can　but　contrast　the　deference　shown　by　all　to　Newport　with　the　want　of　it　given　to　Smith。　Newport's　presence　at　once　quelled　all　the　uneasy　spirits。

Newport's　arrival；　says　Wingfield；　〃saved　Mr　Smith's　life　and　mine。〃　Smith's　account　of　the　episode　is　substantially　the　same。　　In　his　〃True　Relation〃　he　says　on　his　return　to　the　fort　〃each　man　with　truest　signs　of　joy　they　could　express　welcomed　me；　except　Mr。　Archer；　and　some　two　or　three　of　his；　who　was　then　in　my　absence　sworn　councilor；　though　not　with　the　consent　of　Captain　Martin；　great　blame　and　imputation　was　laid　upon　me　by　them　for　the　loss　of　our　two　men　which　the　Indians　slew：　insomuch　that　they　purposed　to　depose　me；　but　in　the　midst　of　my　miseries；　it　pleased　God　to　send　Captain　Newport；　who　arriving　there　the　same　night；　so　tripled　our　joy；　as　for　a　while　those　plots　against　me　were　deferred；　though　with　much　malice　against　me；　which　Captain　Newport　in　short　time　did　plainly　see。〃　　In　his　〃Map　of　Virginia；〃　the　Oxford　tract　of　1612；　Smith　does　not　allude　to　this；　but　in　the　〃General　Historie〃　it　had　assumed　a　different　aspect　in　his　mind；　for　at　the　time　of　writing　that　he　was　the　irresistible　hero；　and　remembered　himself　as　always　nearly　omnipotent　in　Virginia。　　Therefore；　instead　of　expressions　of　gratitude　to　Newport　we　read　this：　〃Now　in　Jamestown　they　were　all　in　combustion；　the　strongest　preparing　once　more　to　run　away　with　the　pinnace；　which　with　the　hazard　of　his　life；　with　Sakre；　falcon　and　musket　shot；　Smith　forced　now　the　third　time　to　stay　or　sink。　　Some　no　better　than　they　should　be；　had　plotted　to　put　him　to　death　by　the　Levitical　law；　for　the　lives　of　Robinson　and　Emry；　pretending　that　the　fault　was　his；　that　led　them　to　their　ends；　but　he　quickly　took　such　order　with　such　Lawyers；　that　he　laid　them　by　the　heels　till　he　sent　some　of　them　prisoners　to　England。〃

Clearly　Captain　Smith　had　no　authority　to　send　anybody　prisoner　to　England。　　When　Newport　returned；　April　10th；　Wingfield　and　Archer　went　with　him。　　Wingfield　no　doubt　desired　to　return。　　Archer　was　so　insolent；　seditious；　and　libelous　that　he　only　escaped　the　halter　by　the　interposition　of　Newport。　　The　colony　was　willing　to　spare　both　these　men；　and　probably　Newport　it　was　who　decided　they　should　go。　As　one　of　the　Council；　Smith　would　undoubtedly　favor　their　going。　　He　says　in　the　〃General　Historie〃：　〃We　not　having　any　use　of　parliaments；　plaises；　petitions；　admirals；　recorders；　interpreters；　chronologers；　courts　of　plea；　or　justices　of　peace；　sent　Master　Wingfield　and　Captain　Archer　home　with　him；　that　had　engrossed　all　those　titles；　to　seek　some　better　place　of　employment。〃　　Mr。　Wingfield　never　returned。　　Captain　Archer　returned　in　1609；　with　the　expedition　of　Gates　and　Somers；　as　master　of　one　of　the　ships。

Newport　had　arrived　with　the　first　supply　on　the　8th　of　January；　1608。　　The　day　before；　according　to　Wingfield；　a　fire　occurred　which　destroyed　nearly　all　the　town；　with　the　clothing　and　provisions。　According　to　Smith；　who　is　probably　correct　in　this；　the　fire　did　not　occur　till　five　or　six　days　after　the　arrival　of　the　ship。　　The　date　is　uncertain；　and　some　doubt　is　also　thrown　upon　the　date　of　the　arrival　of　the　ship。　　It　was　on　the　day　of　Smith's　return　from　captivity：　and　that　captivity　lasted　about　four　weeks　if　the　return　was　January　8th；　for　he　started　on　the　expedition　December　10th。　Smith　subsequently　speaks　of　his　captivity　lasting　six　or　seven　weeks。

In　his　〃General　Historie〃　Smith　says　the　fire　happened　after　the　return　of　the　expedition　of　Newport；　Smith；　and　Scrivener　to　the　Pamunkey：　〃Good　Master　Hunt；　our　Preacher；　lost　all　his　library；　and　all　he　had　but　the　clothes　on　his　back；　yet　none　ever　heard　him　repine　at　his　loss。〃　　This　excellent　and　devoted　man　is　the　only　one　of　these　first　pioneers　of　whom　everybody　speaks　well；　and　he　deserved　all　affection　and　respect。

One　of　the　first　labors　of　Newport　was　to　erect　a　suitable　church。　Services　had　been　held　under　many　disadvantages；　which　Smith　depicts　in　his　〃Advertisements　for　Unexperienced　Planters；〃　published　in　London　in　1631：

〃When　I　first　went　to　Virginia；　I　well　remember；　we　did　hang　an　awning　（which　is　an　old　saile）　to　three　or　foure　trees　to　shadow　us　from　the　Sunne；　our　walls　were　rales　of　wood；　our　seats　unhewed　trees；　till　we　cut　plankes；　our　Pulpit　a　bar　of　wood　nailed　to　two　neighboring　trees；　in　foule　weather　we　shifted　into　an　old　rotten　tent；　for　we　had　few　better；　and　this　came　by　the　way　of　adventure　for　me；　this　was　our　Church；　till　we　built　a　homely　thing　like　a　barne；　set　upon　Cratchets；　covered　with　rafts；　sedge　and　earth；　so　was　also　the　walls：　the　best　of　our　houses　of　the　like　curiosity；　but　the　most　part　farre　much　worse　workmanship；　that　could　neither　well　defend　wind　nor　raine；　yet　we　had　daily　Common　Prayer　morning　and　evening；　every　day　two　Sermons；　and　every　three　moneths　the　holy　Communion；　till　our　Minister　died；　＇Robert　Hunt＇　but　our　Prayers　daily；　with　an　Homily　on　Sundaies。〃

It　is　due　to　Mr。　Wingfield；　who　is　about　to　disappear　from　Virginia；　that　something　more　in　his　defense　against　the　charges　of　Smith　and　the　others　should　be　given。　　It　is　not　possible　now　to　say　how　the　suspicion　of　his　religious　soundness　arose；　but　there　seems　to　have　been　a　notion　that　he　had　papal　tendencies。　　His　grandfather；　Sir　Richard　Wingfield；　was　buried　in　Toledo；　Spain。　　His　father；　Thomas　Maria　Wingfield；　was　christened　by　Queen　Mary　and　Cardinal　Pole。　These　facts　perhaps　gave　rise　to　the　suspicion。　　He　answers　them　with　some　dignity　and　simplicity；　and　with　a　little　querulousness　：

〃It　is　noised　that　I　combyned　with　the　Spanniards　to　the　distruccion　of　the　Collony；　that　I　ame　an　atheist；　because　I　carryed　not　a　Bible　with　me；　and　because　I　did　forbid　the　preacher　to　preache；　that　I　affected　a　kingdome；　that　I　did　hide　of　the　comon　provision　in　the　ground。

〃I　confesse　I　have　alwayes　admyred　any　noble　vertue　and　prowesse；　as　well　in　the　Spanniards　（as　in　other　nations）：　but　naturally　I　have　alwayes　distrusted　and　disliked　their　neighborhoode。　　I　sorted　many　bookes　in　my　house；　to　be　sent　up　to　me　at　my　goeing　to　Virginia；　amongst　them　a　Bible。　　They　were　sent　up　in　a　trunk　to　London；　with　divers　fruite；　conserves；　and　preserves；　which　I　did　sett　in　Mr。　Crofts　his　house　in　Ratcliff。　　In　my　beeing　at　Virginia；　I　did　understand　my　trunk　was　thear　broken　up；　much　lost；　my　sweetmeates　eaten　at　his　table；　some　of　my　bookes　which　I　missed　to　be　seene　in　his　hands：　and　whether　amongst　them　my　Bible　was　so　ymbeasiled　or　mislayed　by　my　servants；　and　not　sent　me；　I　knowe　not　as　yet。

〃Two　or　three　Sunday　mornings；　the　Indians　gave　us　allarums　at　our　towne。　　By　that　tymes　they　wear