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nia；　or　in　the　management　of　its　affairs。　　The　grant　included　all　the　American　coast　two　hundred　miles　north　and　two　hundred　miles　south　of　Point　Comfort；　and　all　the　territory　from　the　coast　up　into　the　land　throughout　from　sea　to　sea；　west　and　northwest。　　A　leading　object　of　the　project　still　being　（as　we　have　seen　it　was　with　Smith's　precious　crew　at　Jamestown）　the　conversion　and　reduction　of　the　natives　to　the　true　religion；　no　one　was　permitted　in　the　colony　who　had　not　taken　the　oath　of　supremacy。

Under　this　charter　the　Council　gave　a　commission　to　Sir　Thomas　West；　Lord　Delaware；　Captain…General　of　Virginia；　Sir　Thomas　Gates；　Lieutenant…General；　Sir　George　Somers；　Admiral；　Captain　Newport；　Vice…Admiral；　Sir　Thomas　Dale；　High　Marshal；　Sir　Frederick　Wainman；　General　of　the　Horse；　and　many　other　officers　for　life。

With　so　many　wealthy　corporators　money　flowed　into　the　treasury；　and　a　great　expedition　was　readily　fitted　out。　　Towards　the　end　of　May；　1609；　there　sailed　from　England　nine　ships　and　five　hundred　people；　under　the　command　of　Sir　Thomas　Gates；　Sir　George　Somers；　and　Captain　Newport。　　Each　of　these　commanders　had　a　commission；　and　the　one　who　arrived　first　was　to　call　in　the　old　commission；　as　they　could　not　agree；　they　all　sailed　in　one　ship；　the　Sea　Venture。

This　brave　expedition　was　involved　in　a　contest　with　a　hurricane；　one　vessel　was　sunk；　and　the　Sea　Venture；　with　the　three　commanders；　one　hundred　and　fifty　men；　the　new　commissioners；　bills　of　lading；　all　sorts　of　instructions；　and　much　provision；　was　wrecked　on　the　Bermudas。　　With　this　company　was　William　Strachey；　of　whom　we　shall　hear　more　hereafter。　　Seven　vessels　reached　Jamestown；　and　brought；　among　other　annoyances；　Smith's　old　enemy；　Captain　Ratcliffe；　alias　Sicklemore；　in　command　of　a　ship。　　Among　the　company　were　also　Captains　Martin；　Archer；　Wood；　Webbe；　Moore；　King；　Davis；　and　several　gentlemen　of　good　means；　and　a　crowd　of　the　riff…raff　of　London。　Some　of　these　Captains　whom　Smith　had　sent　home；　now　returned　with　new　pretensions；　and　had　on　the　voyage　prejudiced　the　company　against　him。　　When　the　fleet　was　first　espied；　the　President　thought　it　was　Spaniards；　and　prepared　to　defend　himself；　the　Indians　promptly　coming　to　his　assistance。

This　hurricane　tossed　about　another　expedition　still　more　famous；　that　of　Henry　Hudson；　who　had　sailed　from　England　on　his　third　voyage　toward　Nova　Zembla　March　25th；　and　in　July　and　August　was　beating　down　the　Atlantic　coast。　　On　the　18th　of　August　he　entered　the　Capes　of　Virginia；　and　sailed　a　little　way　up　the　Bay。　　He　knew　he　was　at　the　mouth　of　the　James　River；　〃where　our　Englishmen　are；〃　as　he　says。　The　next　day　a　gale　from　the　northeast　made　him　fear　being　driven　aground　in　the　shallows；　and　he　put　to　sea。　　The　storm　continued　for　several　days。　　On　the　21st　〃a　sea　broke　over　the　fore…course　and　split　it；〃　and　that　night　something　more　ominous　occurred：　〃that　night　＇the　chronicle　records＇　our　cat　ran　crying　from　one　side　of　the　ship　to　the　other；　looking　overboard；　which　made　us　to　wonder；　but　we　saw　nothing。〃　　On　the　26th　they　were　again　off　the　bank　of　Virginia；　and　in　the　very　bay　and　in　sight　of　the　islands　they　had　seen　on　the　18th。　　It　appeared　to　Hudson　〃a　great　bay　with　rivers；〃　but　too　shallow　to　explore　without　a　small　boat。　　After　lingering　till　the　29th；　without　any　suggestion　of　ascending　the　James；　he　sailed　northward　and　made　the　lucky　stroke　of　river　exploration　which　immortalized　him。

It　seems　strange　that　he　did　not　search　for　the　English　colony；　but　the　adventurers　of　that　day　were　independent　actors；　and　did　not　care　to　share　with　each　other　the　glories　of　discovery。

The　first　of　the　scattered　fleet　of　Gates　and　Somers　came　in　on　the　11th；　and　the　rest　straggled　along　during　the　three　or　four　days　following。　　It　was　a　narrow　chance　that　Hudson　missed　them　all；　and　one　may　imagine　that　the　fate　of　the　Virginia　colony　and　of　the　New　York　settlement　would　have　been　different　if　the　explorer　of　the　Hudson　had　gone　up　the　James。

No　sooner　had　the　newcomers　landed　than　trouble　began。　　They　would　have　deposed　Smith　on　report　of　the　new　commission；　but　they　could　show　no　warrant。　　Smith　professed　himself　willing　to　retire　to　England；　but；　seeing　the　new　commission　did　not　arrive；　held　on　to　his　authority；　and　began　to　enforce　it　to　save　the　whole　colony　from　anarchy。　　He　depicts　the　situation　in　a　paragraph：　〃To　a　thousand　mischiefs　these　lewd　Captains　led　this　lewd　company；　wherein　were　many　unruly　gallants；　packed　thither　by　their　friends　to　escape　ill　destinies；　and　those　would　dispose　and　determine　of　the　government；　sometimes　to　one；　the　next　day　to　another；　today　the　old　commission　must　rule；　tomorrow　the　new；　the　next　day　neither；　in　fine；　they　would　rule　all　or　ruin　all；　yet　in　charity　we　must　endure　them　thus　to　destroy　us；　or　by　correcting　their　follies；　have　brought　the　world's　censure　upon　us　to　be　guilty　of　their　blouds。　　Happie　had　we　beene　had　they　never　arrived；　and　we　forever　abandoned；　as　we　were　left　to　our　fortunes；　for　on　earth　for　their　number　was　never　more　confusion　or　misery　than　their　factions　occasioned。〃　　In　this　company　came　a　boy；　named　Henry　Spelman；　whose　subsequent　career　possesses　considerable　interest。

The　President　proceeded　with　his　usual　vigor：　he　〃laid　by　the　heels〃　the　chief　mischief…makers　till　he　should　get　leisure　to　punish　them；　sent　Mr。　West　with　one　hundred　and　twenty　good　men　to　the　Falls　to　make　a　settlement；　and　despatched　Martin　with　near　as　many　and　their　proportion　of　provisions　to　Nansemond；　on　the　river　of　that　name　emptying　into　the　James；　obliquely　opposite　Point　Comfort。

Lieutenant　Percy　was　sick　and　had　leave　to　depart　for　England　when　he　chose。　　The　President's　year　being　about　expired；　in　accordance　with　the　charter；　he　resigned；　and　Captain　Martin　was　elected　President。　But　knowing　his　inability；　he；　after　holding　it　three　hours；　resigned　it　to　Smith；　and　went　down　to　Nansemond。　　The　tribe　used　him　kindly；　but　he　was　so　frightened　with　their　noisy　demonstration　of　mirth　that　he　surprised　and　captured　the　poor　naked　King　with　his　houses；　and　began　fortifying　his　position；　showing　so　much　fear　that　the　savages　were　emboldened　to　attack　him；　kill　some　of　his　men；　release　their　King；　and　carry　off　a　thousand　bushels　of　corn　which　had　been　purchased；　Martin　not　offering　to　intercept　them。　　The　frightened　Captain　sent　to　Smith　for　aid；　who　despatched　to　him　thirty　good　shot。　　Martin；　too　chicken…hearted　to　use　them；　came　back　with　them　to　Jamestown；　leaving　his　company　to　their　fortunes。　　In　this　adventure　the　President　commends　the　courage　of　one　George　Forrest；　who；　with　seventeen　arrows　sticking　into　him　and　one　shot　through　him；　lived　six　or　seven　days。

Meantime　Smith；　going　up　to　the　Falls　to　look　after　Captain　West；　met　that　hero　on　his　way　to　Jamestown。　　He　turned　him　back；　and　found　that　he　had　planted　his　colony　on　an　unfavorable　flat；　subject　not　only　to　the　overflowing　of　the　river；　but　to　more　intolerable　inconveniences。　　To　place　him　more　advantageously　the　President　sent　to　Powhatan；　offering　to　buy　the　place　called　Powhatan；　promising　to　defend　him　against　the　Monacans；　to　pay　him　in　copper；　and　make　a　general　alliance　of　trade　and　friendship。

But　〃those　furies；〃　as　Smith　calls　West　and　his　associates；　refused　to　move　to　Powhatan　or　to　accept　these　conditions。　　They　contemned　his　authority；　expecting　all　the　time　the　new　commission；　and；　regarding　all　the　Monacans'　country　as　full　of　gold；　determined　that　no　one　should　interfere　with　them　in　the　possession　of　it。　　Smith；　however；　was　not　intimidated　from　landing　and　attempting　to　quell　their　mutiny。　　In　his　〃General　Historie　〃　it　is　written　〃I　doe　more　than　wonder　to　think　how　onely　with　five　men　he　either　durst　or　would　adventure　as　he　did　（knowing　how　greedy　they　were　of　his　bloud）　to　come　amongst　them。〃　　He　landed　and　ordered　the　arrest　of　the　chief　disturbers；　but　the　crowd　hustled　him　off。　　He　seized　one　of　their　boats　and　escaped　to　the　ship　which　contained　the　provision。　Fortunately　the　sailors　were　friendly　and　saved　his　life；　and　a　considerable　number　of　the　better　sort；　seeing　the　malice　of　Ratcliffe　and　Archer；　took　Smith's　part。

Out　of　the　occurrences　at　this　new　settlement　grew　many　of　the　charges　which　were　preferred　against　Smith。　　According　to　the　〃General　Historie〃　the　company　of　Ratcliffe　and　Archer　was　a　disorderly　rabble；　constantly　tormenting　the　Indians；　stealing　their　corn；　robbing　their　gardens；　beating　them；　and　breaking　into　their　houses　and　taking　them　prisoners。　　The　Indians　daily　complained　to　the　President　that　these　〃protectors〃　he　had　given　them　were　worse　enemies　than　the　Monacans；　and　desired　his　pardon　if　they　defended　themselves；　since　he　could　not　punish　their　tormentors。　　They　even　proposed　to　fight　for　him　against　them。　　Smith　says　that　after　spending　nine　days　in　trying　to　restrain　them；　and　showing　them　how　they　deceived　themselves　with　〃great　guilded　hopes　of　the　South　Sea　Mines；〃　he　abandoned　them　to　their　folly　and　set　sail　for　Jamestown。

No　sooner　was　he　under　way　than　the　savages　attacked　the　fort；　slew　many　of　the　whites　who　were　outside；　rescued　their　friends　who　were　prisoners；　and　thoroughly　terrified　the　garrison。　　Smith's　ship　happening　to　go　aground　half　a　league　below；　they　sent　off　to　him；　and　were　glad　to　submit　on　any　terms　to　his　mercy。　　He　〃put　by　the　heels〃　six　or　seven　of　the　chief　offenders；　and　transferred　the　colony　to　Powhatan；　where　were　a　fort　capable　of　defense　against　all　the　savages　in　Virginia；　dry　houses　for　lodging；　and　two　hundred　acres　of　ground　ready　to　be　planted。　　This　place；　so　strong　and　delightful　in　situation；　they　called　Non…such。　　The　savages　appeared　and　exchanged　captives；　and　all　became　friends　again。

At　this　moment；　unfortunately；　Captain　West　returned。　　All　the　victuals　and　munitions　having　been　put　ashore；　the　old　factious　projects　were　revived。　　The　soft…hearted　West　was　made　to　believe　that　the　rebellion　had　been　solely　on　his　account。　　Smith；　seeing　them　bent　on　their　own　way；　took　the　row…boat　for　Jamestown。　　The　colony　abandoned　the　pleasant　Non…such　and　returned　to　the　open　air　at　West's　Fort。　　On　his　way　down；　Smith　met　with　the　accident　that　suddenly　term