the complete writings-3-第57部分

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24；　1610；　approved　by　Lord　Delaware　June　10；　1610；　and　enlarged　by　Sir　Thomas　Dale　June　22；　1611。

The　〃Travaile〃　was　first　published　by　the　Hakluyt　Society　in　1849。　When　and　where　it　was　written；　and　whether　it　was　all　composed　at　one　time；　are　matters　much　in　dispute。　　The　first　book；　descriptive　of　Virginia　and　its　people；　is　complete；　the　second　book；　a　narration　of　discoveries　in　America；　is　unfinished。　　Only　the　first　book　concerns　us。　　That　Strachey　made　notes　in　Virginia　may　be　assumed；　but　the　book　was　no　doubt　written　after　his　return　to　England


＇This　code　of　laws；　with　its　penalty　of　whipping　and　death　for　what　are　held　now　to　be　venial　offenses；　gives　it　a　high　place　among　the　Black　Codes。　　One　clause　will　suffice：

〃Every　man　and　woman　duly　twice　a　day　upon　the　first　towling　of　the　Bell　shall　upon　the　working　daies　repaire　unto　the　church；　to　hear　divine　service　upon　pain　of　losing　his　or　her　allowance　for　the　first　omission；　for　the　second　to　be　whipt；　and　for　the　third　to　be　condemned　to　the　Gallies　for　six　months。　　Likewise　no　man　or　woman　shall　dare　to　violate　the　Sabbath　by　any　gaming；　publique　or　private；　abroad　or　at　home；　but　duly　sanctifie　and　observe　the　same；　both　himselfe　and　his　familie；　by　preparing　themselves　at　home　with　private　prayer；　that　they　may　be　the　better　fitted　for　the　publique；　according　to　the　commandments　of　God；　and　the　orders　of　our　church；　as　also　every　man　and　woman　shall　repaire　in　the　morning　to　the　divine　service；　and　sermons　preached　upon　the　Sabbath　day；　and　in　the　afternoon　to　divine　service；　and　Catechism　upon　paine　for　the　first　fault　to　lose　their　provision；　and　allowance　for　the　whole　week　following；　for　the　second　to　lose　the　said　allowance　and　also　to　be　whipt；　and　for　the　third　to　suffer　death。〃＇


Was　it　written　before　or　after　the　publication　of　Smith's　〃Map　and　Description〃　at　Oxford　in　1612？　　The　question　is　important；　because　Smith's　〃Description〃　and　Strachey's　〃Travaile〃　are　page　after　page　literally　the　same。　　One　was　taken　from　the　other。　　Commonly　at　that　time　manuscripts　seem　to　have　been　passed　around　and　much　read　before　they　were　published。　　Purchas　acknowledges　that　he　had　unpublished　manuscripts　of　Smith　when　he　compiled　his　narrative。　　Did　Smith　see　Strachey's　manuscript　before　he　published　his　Oxford　tract；　or　did　Strachey　enlarge　his　own　notes　from　Smith's　description？　　It　has　been　usually　assumed　that　Strachey　cribbed　from　Smith　without　acknowledgment。　　If　it　were　a　question　to　be　settled　by　the　internal　evidence　of　the　two　accounts；　I　should　incline　to　think　that　Smith　condensed　his　description　from　Strachey；　but　the　dates　incline　the　balance　in　Smith's　favor。

Strachey　in　his　〃Travaile〃　refers　sometimes　to　Smith；　and　always　with　respect。　　It　will　be　noted　that　Smith's　〃Map〃　was　engraved　and　published　before　the　〃Description〃　in　the　Oxford　tract。　　Purchas　had　it；　for　he　says；　in　writing　of　Virginia　for　his　〃Pilgrimage〃　（which　was　published　in　1613）：

〃Concerning…the　latter　＇Virginia＇；　Capt。　John　Smith；　partly　by　word　of　mouth；　partly　by　his　mappe　thereof　in　print；　and　more　fully　by　a　Manuscript　which　he　courteously　communicated　to　mee；　hath　acquainted　me　with　that　whereof　himselfe　with　great　perill　and　paine；　had　been　the　discoverer。〃　　Strachey　in　his　〃Travaile〃　alludes　to　it；　and　pays　a　tribute　to　Smith　in　the　following：　〃Their　severall　habitations　are　more　plainly　described　by　the　annexed　mappe；　set　forth　by　Capt。　Smith；　of　whose　paines　taken　herein　I　leave　to　the　censure　of　the　reader　to　judge。　　Sure　I　am　there　will　not　return　from　thence　in　hast；　any　one　who　hath　been　more　industrious；　or　who　hath　had　（Capt。　Geo。　Percie　excepted）　greater　experience　amongst　them；　however　misconstruction　may　traduce　here　at　home；　where　is　not　easily　seen　the　mixed　sufferances；　both　of　body　and　mynd；　which　is　there　daylie；　and　with　no　few　hazards　and　hearty　griefes　undergon。〃

There　are　two　copies　of　the　Strachey　manuscript。　　The　one　used　by　the　Hakluyt　Society　is　dedicated　to　Sir　Francis　Bacon；　with　the　title　of　〃Lord　High　Chancellor；〃　and　Bacon　had　not　that　title　conferred　on　him　till　after　1618。　　But　the　copy　among　the　Ashmolean　manuscripts　at　Oxford　is　dedicated　to　Sir　Allen　Apsley；　with　the　title　of　〃Purveyor　to　His　Majestie's　Navie　Royall〃；　and　as　Sir　Allen　was　made　〃Lieutenant　of　the　Tower〃　in　1616；　it　is　believed　that　the　manuscript　must　have　been　written　before　that　date；　since　the　author　would　not　have　omitted　the　more　important　of　the　two　titles　in　his　dedication。

Strachey's　prefatory　letter　to　the　Council；　prefixed　to　his　〃Laws〃　（1612）；　is　dated　〃From　my　lodging　in　the　Black　Friars。　　At　your　best　pleasures；　either　to　return　unto　the　colony；　or　pray　for　the　success　of　it　heere。〃　　In　his　letter　he　speaks　of　his　experience　in　the　Bermudas　and　Virginia：　〃The　full　storie　of　both　in　due　time　＇I＇　shall　consecrate　unto　your　view。。。。　　Howbit　since　many　impediments；　as　yet　must　detaine　such　my　observations　in　the　shadow　of　darknesse；　untill　I　shall　be　able　to　deliver　them　perfect　unto　your　judgments；〃　etc。

This　is　not；　as　has　been　assumed；　a　statement　that　the　observations　were　not　written　then；　only　that　they　were　not　〃perfect〃；　in　fact；　they　were　detained　in　the　〃shadow　of　darknesse〃　till　the　year　1849。　Our　own　inference　is；　from　all　the　circumstances；　that　Strachey　began　his　manuscript　in　Virginia　or　shortly　after　his　return；　and　added　to　it　and　corrected　it　from　time　to　time　up　to　1616。

We　are　now　in　a　position　to　consider　Strachey's　allusions　to　Pocahontas。　　The　first　occurs　in　his　description　of　the　apparel　of　Indian　women：

〃The　better　sort　of　women　cover　themselves　（for　the　most　part）　all　over　with　skin　mantells；　finely　drest；　shagged　and　fringed　at　the　skyrt；　carved　and　coloured　with　some　pretty　work；　or　the　proportion　of　beasts；　fowle；　tortayses；　or　other　such　like　imagry；　as　shall　best　please　or　expresse　the　fancy　of　the　wearer；　their　younger　women　goe　not　shadowed　amongst　their　owne　companie；　until　they　be　nigh　eleaven　or　twelve　returnes　of　the　leafe　old　（for　soe　they　accompt　and　bring　about　the　yeare；　calling　the　fall　of　the　leaf　tagnitock）；　nor　are　thev　much　ashamed　thereof；　and　therefore　would　the　before　remembered　Pocahontas；　a　well　featured；　but　wanton　yong　girle；　Powhatan's　daughter；　sometymes　resorting　to　our　fort；　of　the　age　then　of　eleven　or　twelve　yeares；　get　the　boyes　forth　with　her　into　the　markett　place；　and　make　them　wheele；　falling　on　their　hands；　turning　up　their　heeles　upwards；　whome　she　would　followe　and　wheele　so　herself；　naked　as　she　was；　all　the　fort　over；　but　being　once　twelve　yeares；　they　put　on　a　kind　of　semecinctum　lethern　apron　（as　do　our　artificers　or　handycrafts　men）　before　their　bellies；　and　are　very　shamefac't　to　be　seene　bare。　　We　have　seene　some　use　mantells　made　both　of　Turkey　feathers；　and　other　fowle；　so　prettily　wrought　and　woven　with　threeds；　that　nothing　could　be　discerned　but　the　feathers；　which　were　exceedingly　warme　and　very　handsome。〃

Strachey　did　not　see　Pocahontas。　　She　did　not　resort　to　the　camp　after　the　departure　of　Smith　in　September；　1609；　until　she　was　kidnapped　by　Governor　Dale　in　April；　1613。　　He　repeats　what　he　heard　of　her。　　The　time　mentioned　by　him　of　her　resorting　to　the　fort；　〃of　the　age　then　of　eleven　or　twelve　yeares；〃　must　have　been　the　time　referred　to　by　Smith　when　he　might　have　married　her；　namely；　in　1608…9；　when　he　calls　her　〃not　past　13　or　14　years　of　age。〃　　The　description　of　her　as　a　〃yong　girle〃　tumbling　about　the　fort；　〃naked　as　she　was；〃　would　seem　to　preclude　the　idea　that　she　was　married　at　that　time。

The　use　of　the　word　〃wanton〃　is　not　necessarily　disparaging；　for　〃wanton〃　in　that　age　was　frequently　synonymous　with　〃playful〃　and　〃sportive〃；　but　it　is　singular　that　she　should　be　spoken　of　as　〃well　featured；　but　wanton。〃　　Strachey；　however；　gives　in　another　place　what　is　no　doubt　the　real　significance　of　the　Indian　name　〃Pocahontas。〃　　He　says：

〃Both　men；　women；　and　children　have　their　severall　names；　at　first　according　to　the　severall　humor　of　their　parents；　and　for　the　men　children；　at　first；　when　they　are　young；　their　mothers　give　them　a　name；　calling　them　by　some　affectionate　title；　or　perhaps　observing　their　promising　inclination　give　it　accordingly；　and　so　the　great　King　Powhatan　called　a　young　daughter　of　his；　whom　he　loved　well；　Pocahontas；　which　may　signify　a　little　wanton；　howbeyt　she　was　rightly　called　Amonata　at　more　ripe　years。〃

The　Indian　girls　married　very　young。　　The　polygamous　Powhatan　had　a　large　number　of　wives；　but　of　all　his　women；　his　favorites　were　a　dozen　〃for　the　most　part　very　young　women；〃　the　names　of　whom　Strachey　obtained　from　one　Kemps；　an　Indian　a　good　deal　about　camp；　whom　Smith　certifies　was　a　great　villain。　　Strachey　gives　a　list　of　the　names　of　twelve　of　them；　at　the　head　of　which　is　Winganuske。　This　list　was　no　doubt　written　down　by　the　author　in　Virginia；　and　it　is　followed　by　a　sentence；　quoted　below；　giving　also　the　number　of　Powhatan's　children。　　The　〃great　darling〃　in　this　list　was　Winganuske；　a　sister　of　Machumps；　who；　according　to　Smith；　murdered　his　comrade　in　the　Bermudas。　　Strachey　writes：

〃He　＇Powhatan＇　was　reported　by　the　said　Kemps；　as　also　by　the　Indian　Machumps；　who　was　sometyme　in　England；　and　comes　to　and　fro　amongst　us　as　he　dares；　and　as　Powhatan　gives　him　leave；　for　it　is　not　otherwise　safe　for　him；　no　more　than　it　was　for　one　Amarice；　who　had　his　braynes　knockt　out　for　selling　but　a　baskett　of　corne；　and　lying　in　the　English　fort　two　or　three　days　without　Powhatan's　leave；　I　say　they　often　reported　unto　us　that　Powhatan　had　then　lyving　twenty　sonnes　and　ten　daughters；　besyde　a　young　one　by　Winganuske；　Machumps　his　sister；　and　a　great　darling　of　the　King's；　and　besides；　younge　Pocohunta；　a　daughter　of　his；　using　sometyme　to　our　fort　in　tymes　past；　nowe　married　to　a　private　Captaine；　called　Kocoum；　some　two　years　since。〃

This　passage　is　a　great　puzzle。　　Does　Strachey　intend　to　say　that　Pocahontas　was　married　to　an　Iniaan　named　Kocoum？　　She　might　have　been　during　the　time　after　Smith's　departure　in　1609；　and　her　kidnapping　in　1613；　when　she　was　of　marriageable　age。　　We　shall　see　hereafter　that　Powhatan；　in　1614；　said　he　had　sold　another　favorite　daughter　of　his；　whom　Sir　Thomas　Dale　desired；　and